Free and Fair Election

Free and Fair Election The electoral system have to be fair and just and to ensure this, free and fair election will be held when the Parliament is dissolved or finish it’s sitting duration of 5 years. A free and fair election must be in orderly manner and it must not have Coup d’etat. Coup d’etat is meant by a sudden decisive exercise of force in politics . It is an alteration of an existing government by a small group that tend to create riots and chaos. The current Malaysia government believe that Bersih 2. 0 and 3. 0 is an attempted coup d’etat to topple the government – an allegation made by the Prime Minister himself.But the 8 demands from Bersih 2. 0 have no bias standing against any of the governmental parties in Malaysia. Basically they just wanted a clean and fair election, which is the fundamental element in the electoral system. Malaysia practices the simple plurality system which is also known as ‘first-past-the-post system. The h allmark of this system is that constituencies are single-member constituencies and a candidate with the largest vote wins the electoral district even if it does not constitute an absolute majority of the electors.Article 116 and 117 constitute that representatives at State and Federal level are divided into constituencies in accordance with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule. This system is following the Westminster post system which is also followed by UK and India. The MP who won the election does not usually equal to the majority of votes. They won the election by simple majority but not the entire popularity of the voters. The fundamental built on this system is that each voter is entitled to only one vote. Constituencies are approximately equal in population size so that it carries the same value.All constituencies are single-member constituencies so that there are as many electoral districts as there are seats in the elected chamber. Only one ballot is held an d the candidate obtaining the most votes is declared elected. Candidate with the largest vote wins. The advantages of the simple plurality system are that it produces a clear winner; it provides political stability; reduce the number of political parties represented in Parliament; enables stability in government and ensures easy passage of legislation through Parliament. Furthermore, it avours large groups and coalition and eliminates small parties, making it an easy tunnel for the legislation making to pass through. There is no perfection in everything, so does the political electoral system. One of the defects of first-past-the-post system is that it produces parliaments that are elected but not representative. Democratic legitimate is in doubt because the ascendancy of government population is usually below 50%. Voters who voted for unsuccessful candidates receive no representation in Parliament. In 1982, 60. 5% of the votes gave to the Barisan 85. 7% of the constituencies. In 20 04, 63. % of the ballots translated to 90. 41 seats in the Dewan Rakyat. These flaws can be minimized with the system of proportional representation where the parliamentary seats are given to the parties in proportion to the number of votes obtained by them. In single transferable vote system, a candidate is elected only if he obtains the quota of the vote cast. It is a multi-member constituency but each voter has only one vote and he is required to mark out his preference for different candidates. In the list system,each party is allowed to put up a list of candidates equal to the number of seats to be filled.The voter gives his vote to the whole list en bloc. There must have an honest and competent administration to run the election so that the election will be fair. The Election Commission must be fair. Article 114(2) of FC written that in appointing members of the Election Commission the YDPA shall have regard to the importance of securing an Election Commission which enjoys pub lic confidence. This implies that public confidence is essential and to gain the public trust, independent and fair Election Commission is a must.In Article 114(4)(b) and (c) also clearly stated that the YDPA shall by order remove from office any member of the Election Commission if such member engages in any paid office or employment outside the duties of his office or is a member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State. By staying away from the executive and legislative branch, it prevents the Election Commission from choosing side or bias towards any of the party in the election. Even their remuneration comes from consolidated fund as stated in Article 114(5) of Federal Constitution.This proves that the Election Commission is neutral from the government. Their duties are to conduct election, keep the election roll clean and constitutes boundary as listed. Mobilising organisations like political parties aided our country to envisage democracy. Non-p olitical associations and organisations like firms, industries, trade unions and religious organisations help to create and mobilize public opinion. This indicates that developed system of a political party is essential to ensure fair and free election. In Malaysia political parties are allowed but they must apply for registration under Societies Act.Nearly 34 political parties are registered with the Registrar of Societies. The ruling Barisan National is the world’s most enduring political coalition. Starting out as the Alliance since 1955, today it has 14 parties, 9 which won federal parliamentary seats. There are 20 registered opposition parties, 4 of which gained parliamentary representation. To achieve a free and fair election, candidates must apply the general rules of fair play. Equal chances should be given to each participating parties to conduct their election campaign.Election campaign could be conducted through media and spreading their propaganda. Shifting voters illegally, creating â€Å"phantom† voters, granting illegal immigrants citizenship and the right to vote, buying votes, handing out cash aid to vulnerable groups, and intimidating voters are crimes of election and must not be conducted in any way. The use of propaganda is limited in some countries by forbidding use of opinion polls, newspaper advertisement and house to house campaigns. Giving of free transport, food and bribes to the electorate is forbidden.But government after government gets around the law by promising or delivering â€Å"development aid† just before the election (Prof. Shad Saleem Faruqi, 2008). In Malaysia, under the Elections (Conduct of Elections) Regulations 1959-82, the period for election campaign has been progressively shortened from the period of 147 days to a minimum of 11 days. The conduct of the campaign is supposed to be fair and equal to each participating parties. But the Government’s ban on political processions on the alleged ground of security make the certain parties unable to reach the electorate and to mobilise public opinion.The short campaign period limits out the other parties to reach out to the electorate. The ownership and control of the mainstream print and electronic media by the Government or groups affiliated with the ruling coalition like TV3, Bernama and Berita Harian gives the Government an unfair advantage over its opponents. These issues need to be addressed and redressed. The right to speech, assembly and association are the essential pillars of a democratic set-up; to reach the goal of free and fair election. Speech, assembly and association are restrained considerably in Malaysia.Though Article 10(1) enshrines these freedoms, Articles 10(2), 10(4), 149 and 150 permit the Parliament to impose restrictions on the exercise of these freedoms on 14 constitutionally permissible grounds. A plethora of laws has been enacted under the authority of the Constitution to ensure that electoral z eal does not compromise race relations, national security and public order. As in during ordinary or election campaign, processions, public rallies and assemblies are not allowed except with a police permit under the Police Act. The recent case of Bersih 2. rally was an assembly that was not permitted by the Police Act, although their organization was legal and permitted. The root to achieve fair and free election results is through the votes. Malaysia uses the â€Å"One vote, one value† which is based on one cardinal principle- that constituencies should be approximately equal in population size so as to give reality to the principle of one person, one vote, one value. This principle is an offshoot of the rule of equality before the law. The weightage of the votes are differ based on geographical areas, basically categorized into rural and urban area.The Baker v Carr rules gives parliaments a primarily urban bias. For this reason many countries including Malaysia allow rural constituencies to be smaller in population size than urban electoral districts. â€Å"Rural† or â€Å"urban† are not defined in the Constitution and wide disparities in population exist from constituency to constituency. Population, geographical size and the urban-rural dichotomy seem to have exerted influence. Labuan, Putrajaya, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Sabah and Perlis are over-represented. Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Terengganu are under-represented in the federal legislature.

Experiences as a part of life Essay

Experiences are a part of life which makes man more confident, strengthen its capabilities and polish him like a diamond. Same thing happened to me when I took admission in university . After leaving college life entering in university life is a different experience for me where everything is change from environment to studies. The first day of university life was quite different than the rest of the days. Have you ever been so excited that your heart can’t stop beating? That’s how I was my first day at the university. I was very excited, but also I was frightened. I was about to meet the people who were going to be with me for four years. I kept asking myself; â€Å"would they be nice? Can I meet some good friends here? † That morning I woke up too early and arrived at the university early. When I got there, I just sat on the Philosophy Department stairs waiting for someone else to arrive. The minutes passed and nobody arrived†¦ 5, 7, 10 minutes and nothing. â€Å"Soon it’s going to be the meeting time and nobody else is here† I thought. When it was time and nobody appeared, I began to change my excite for fright and anguish. The time kept passing and nothing†¦ All of the new students were supposed to meet at 8 o’clock, and when I looked at my watch, it was 8:30 so I started to think that I was in the wrong place. Because I was waiting for so long, nobody arrived yet, and there wasn’t anybody whom I could ask where the right place was, I didn’t know what I should do, and I began to feel scared. Suddenly, a guy appeared and sat behind me. I saw him, and I wanted to ask if he knew something about the meeting, but he looked as lost as I was. After a few minutes, Mauricio, the guy sitting behind me, asked me â€Å"Excuse me, what time is it? † So I looked at my watch, and I realized that it was 8:45 already. â€Å"What am I going to do? † I thought, â€Å"I have to find the meeting place. † Soon another guy named Wilson arrived and before we could realize that he was there, he started to talk to us. After a short talk, he told us that he knew the university and that he could guide us to a place where the meeting probably was. So the three of us decided to go to another building and check if the meeting was there. As we all miss school life when we enter to college life in the similar manner we miss both college and school life when entering to university life because there is no comparison of college and school life with university. My first day at university was exciting one while entering through the gate I am wearing casual outfit and no uniform!!. I remember my college days when I entered to college I used to rush towards assembly area to attend assembly but there is no concept of assembly at university. When I enter to the class there are new faces over there (same situation as in college). During break I interact with my classmates and ask their names. When I was sitting in cafeteria five senior came and welcomed me in there own style (i. e. ragging). After this I had a lunch with some money left . when my class was over I realize that college and school days are the golden days of one’s life. You cannot compare the college days with university days. My first day at university has large impact on me because I realize that professional studies are much difficult and requires great dedication whereas school and college studies if you prepare for exam just one month before you can easily pass the exam. After the first day at university I feel that now I am grown up and now I can polish whatever the skills I possess . first day at university taught me the experience of life that in life you always find new faces, new environments and new challenges. If you are the able person these challenges doesn’t affect you. First day at university is a very delightful experience. When we arrived at the other building, all of the new students were in groups. The university had prepared some activities for integrating the Humanity Faculty’s new students, and all of the groups were already made. I felt lost, and suddenly Mauricio and Wilson, the only guys that I knew, disappeared. They went to their groups. â€Å"Which one is my group,† I thought with fear. After a long search I could find my group, and I joined. When I was in my group, I started to do the activities that they were doing from the early morning. There were five more people in my group, but none of them were going to be philosophy students, so no one in my group would actually be my classmate. There were two future sociology students and three future psychology students, but no future philosophy students. At lunch time, I met Mauricio again and he told me that he had met some future philosophy students. When the group activities ended, I met Mauricio, and we went out with some of our new classmates. That day we had the chance to meet each other and to make a nice group. Since that time we became very good friends. During my entire career, they were my friends. I had fun with them, and I also shared my sadness with them. They’re still my friends, and I know that they will be there when I need them, and I will be there for them whenever they need me.

Book Report on Dear America Series- Diary of Hattie Campbell Essay Example for Free

Book Report on Dear America Series- Diary of Hattie Campbell Essay This book, written by Kristiana Gregory, is about a thirteen year old girl from Pennsylvania, Hattie Campbell. On her birthday, she was given a diary by her mother and her Aunt June. In the first entry, she mentions her Uncle Milton’s death three days ago while fixing her family’s barn and his funeral the eve of her birthday. At the funeral, the coffin fell out of their cart and was washed into the nearby river. Her father tried to save it but was almost sucked into the paddles of a riverboat. As a sign of apology, the riverboat captain agreed to give Mr Campbell and his family free tickets on his riverboat to go anywhere they wanted. That night, he announced that the family would be heading to the untamed West, at that time occupied by the Indians who were known to be violent. Mrs Campbell was very angry and initiated a â€Å"cold war† with her husband. Two days later, she relents and agrees to head out West. On the way out West, the family met a young adult named Tall Joe, who eventually becomes the captain of their group. Throughout the long trip, they lost many partners as their oxen died or they were shot by Indians. One day, Hattie and her friend, Pepper, are out playing and happened to stumble across what they thought were wild carrots and parsnips. They took some back as it was their turn to cook for the group. Back at camp, they got around their chores and started cooking. A little girl, Cassia, looked longingly at the â€Å"carrots and parsnips† and takes two bites before running off to play. Later, as they were rolling out pastry, they heard screams. They went in the direction of the screams and were horrified to find Pepper’s twin brother, Wade, and some of his friends lying on the ground, jaws clenched so tightly that nobody could pour charcoal and water into their systems to absorb the poison. In the end all of them except Wade died. The women were able to pour charcoal into his mouth. Hattie’s father then went to the tent where the kitchen was. When he saw the â€Å"carrots and parsnips†, he asked Hattie to cut some for him. He put it on the edge of his tongue and spat it out immediately. He said that it was actually water hemlock, a poisonous plant which could kill a horse if it just ate one. A man would die from a bite. They immediately remembered Cassia. They found her limp body and buried her together with the boys. The priest prayed over their graves. The next day, they called all the children and drew on the dirt to show them the difference between water hemlock and wild carrots and parsnips. Eventually, after twenty six months on the road, they reach their destination, Oregon. Along the way the accompanying Aunt June gave birth to a daughter, River Ann Valentine. The family, Aunt June and her husband settled in Oregon and became one of the first pioneers to make it to their destinations. Book Report on Dear America Series- Diary of Hattie Campbell. (2016, Dec 24).

Michigan Liquor Control Commission Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michigan Liquor Control Commission - Case Study Example . They can even decrease the transportation cost by directly supplying the goods to the retail outlets thus decreasing the number of state based stores. But downsizing may experience confrontation from the end of the labor unions as several workers will end up losing their jobs. The commission can even look at privatization as an option thus resulting in the decrease of the involvement of the state in the liquor industry. There are fewer chances that the state would take this option due to the heavy revenue earned from this sector. The money earned in revenue from liquor distribution and from the taxes applied on them is used for other welfare programs operated by the state. The state can invest in instituting proper information systems in order to identify issues in logistics and in order to meet customer demand in a better way. This implementation can be supported with increased supply of information between the retailers and the suppliers and thus will lead to better management of inventory and will lead to heavy reduction in cost. The state can even conduct bargaining with the suppliers as well as the retailers and distillers. Distillers store the supplied liquor and transfer it at higher prices to the sate stores and then the stores sell it at a much higher price. Thus the state can invest in MIS system to reduce the quantity of inventory managed by the distillers and negotiate with the state stores to charge lower markup in order to increase sales and can decrease the number of licenses it is issuing to retailers. 2. The best option available to the state for distilled liquor distribution is investment in proper management information system. A proper MIS system will increase the efficiency of distribution. This system will even decrease the quantity of liquor that is stored by distillers. A proper supply chain backed by management information system will report to the state about the needs of the consumers. Thus the amount of liquor supplied will be in c ompliance with consumer needs and extra storage cost will decline. The distillers will not have to store unpurified liquor for a longer period of time, thus they will charge lower storage cost. Decrease in storage cost will result in decline in the amount at which state stores obtain distilled liquor and thus they will sell it at lower prices to the retailers and the end customers will be able to obtain it at a much lower price. The problem with this issue is the implementation of change which may not be preferred by those who are inexperienced and do not have the proper training to work with the new change. Another cost will be the high cost of implementing a MIS system. The state cannot privatize the distribution of liquor as it will result in loss of heavy revenue. During the period of 1992 and 1993, the state earned total revenue of over $515 million through distribution of liquor (Bowersox, 1996, p.458). Secondly, privatization will result in reduction in cost of operations as private ownership will aim at gaining higher profits and thus they may close several second tier stores which will result in loss of jobs and this will not be liked by the unions such as the UAW and they might take up strike as an option, thus resulting in complete stoppage of the operations. 3. Several considerations might be of great amount of importance and are needed to be taken into consideration while making any changes. Previously the state had adopted prohibition policy in order to restrict the activity of bootlegging but still bootlegging continued to operate in the region of Michigan. The state realized that prohibition was not a good idea and they took the industry under their own control and ended up earning heavy amount of revenue and the heavy revenue it earned due to its

The Geographies of World Region(s) via Motorcycle Essay

The Geographies of World Region(s) via Motorcycle - Essay Example Planned time was nine months trip. The trip across Latin America began from Buenos Aires in Argentina in January. The motor bike used is the large gauge motorbike known as Astride Norton (1939) which had fuel power of 500cc (Vernon, 2014). The motor bike has a name given â€Å"The mighty one† due to its power and sustainability in long distance travel (Vernon, 2014). I had packed all necessary requirements that would sustain me in every climate and projected situation. I also got legal permit for my geographical trip across the Latin America countries. The journey took a flat rout to the intended first stop at Miramar in Argentina. It was located in a mountainous and cold region of Argentina. It was easy to reach Chile from Miramira in February since it was fairly near the border despite the heavy rains in the mountainous region. Crossing Chile border is easy once the legal documents are available. In Chile, the rout headed North upland towards the cold town of Chuquicamata, a very popular world known copper mining town (Ernesto & Alberto, 2002). After visiting the mines and engaging with miners, I progressed southward towards Peru. In the month of March, I arrived at Peruvian Tacna. In Peru, the mighty one broke down. I was forced to share a truck with the native citizens who were mostly the Indians. I was amazed for they always boarded vehicles with animals. Arrival to the town of Lima in was in May. In the same month but after relaxation, I left for Leper colony of San Pablo that was located in the heart of Peruvian Amazon Rainforest. It took me a month and in June, I was in the Amazon River. After crossing the Amazon River using the Mambo Tango raft, I proceeded to the town known as Letica in Colombia (Ernesto & Alberto, 2002). We proceeded east to Bogota Colombia in July. After penetrating through the barricaded streets in Bogota Columbia, I left for Caracas in Venezuela. I rested there for a week and in the same month I left for

Jim Crows Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jim Crows Laws - Research Paper Example hat the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as unconstitutional and that although the Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from discriminating against races, private individuals and organizations were not prevented from doing so.8 The Supreme Court ruling provided a booster for discrimination against blacks to develop, worsen, and persist. Thus, by 1914, every southern state passed laws segregating blacks and whites: blacks and whites could not ride in the same transport, be together, and blacks were denied access to washrooms, parks, beaches, picnic areas, certain hospitals, and the like. Blacks and whites were segregated based on which drinking fountains they can use.9 In the words of Sandoval–Strauz, for more than a century, public accommodations were at the epicenter of legal and political struggles for racial equality.10 Primarily, the years 1890 to the 1960s are widely considered as the Jim Crow era.11 However, several authors argue that Jim Crow legislations have remained and not repealed in the 21st century even as there is no longer a Jim Crow system in the United States. For example, the Jim Crow Study Group of the University of Arizona revealed in 2004 that there are several Jim Crow laws remaining in the Codes of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.12 Researchers agree that the Jim Crow system promoted the notion of white supremacy, economic exploitation, electoral disfranchisement, and violence.13 In 1959, Stetson Kennedy published a book with the title, Jim Crow Guide to the U.S.A.: The Laws, Customs, and Etiquette Governing the Conduct of Nonwhites and Other Minorities as Second-class citizens.14 J. Hernandez documented some of the Jim Crow etiquette15: 1. Black males cannot offer their hand to a white female because that would imply social equality. 2. Blacks and whites cannot eat together but if they have to eat together, the whites are to be served first and there must be a wide space betw een blacks and whites. 3. Under no event must a black male offer to light the cigarette of a white female. 4. Blacks were not allowed to publicly express affection with one another because that is offensive to whites. 5. Blacks were introduced to whites but never whites to blacks. 6. Whites need not use courtesy titles of respect such as Mr., Mrs., Sir, and Ma’am when referring to blacks but blacks are required to do so. Blacks can be called by their first names but blacks are not allowed to refer to whites by their first names. 7. If a black person has to ride a car driven by a white person, the black person must be at the back seat or at the back of a truck 8. White motorists have the right-of-way in all intersections. Further, according to J. Hernandez, Stetson Kennedy prescribed the following etiquette for

Industry, Ideology, and their Global Impact, 1700-1912 Assignment - 1

Industry, Ideology, and their Global Impact, 1700-1912 - Assignment Example Because of industrialization, the western managed to acquire even more validation to extend their imperialism motives to other states, which were weaker than they were. They were in a position to offer advanced health care and education which in turn they used as an excuse to take over other states which were not as industrialized as they were (Wake field university, n.d). The West was also experiencing the need to extend its market for their excess production due to industrial intensification that produced more than its population could use. This further encouraged them to colonizing other states to ensure market for their extensive production as well as obtain raw materials. Infrastructural progress was also evident due to industrial revolution (Shillington, 2013). This meant that the western states were in a position to access other regions that had not experienced industrialization. Hence, gave them immense influence over them leading to colonization. The West saw other regions as a source of raw materials for their continuously expanding industries (Shillington, 2013). Because of this, the western states colonized these states so that they could freely gain access to these raw materials without any hindrances. Less civilized especially Africa and Asia regions during then was green market for investment as well as cheap unswerving labor (Shillington, 2013). This significantly influenced the then colonial activities by the West to advance respective economical benefits. Other than the economic reasons that were because of industrialization, Shillington (2013) asserts there were aspects like need for international power and security. Because of industrialization, these states were in a position to acquire better machinery and weapons. This sequentially made them feel superior thus had to colonize (Luscombe, 2012). One of the main reasons that made the European armies conquer the native resistance so

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Human resource management - Essay Example The participants in the organization will be particularly asked for the pay increase which would satisfy them the most. Then based on the feedback the management could arrive at a decision which would at most satisfy the majority of the employees. This is very vital because this way JVA Crop can save hundreds of thousands of dollars by holding back the talent that is working at present for the company. In addition to this performance of the same persons can be increased and thus the company’s goals can be achieved easily (Katkowski et al, 2002). If the employee feels that his present position at the company will benefit them personally then it is obvious that production activity of the company increases and also such staff is far less probable to look for employment elsewhere Mitra et al. (1997). Also Lagging Indicator and Leading Indicator mode of appraisal will be introduced. This means that the lag performance of an employee will indicate the achievements of the employee for a particular period after which his performance will be evaluated and he will be rewarded or punished accordingly. Lead Indicator is an activity which indicates the supposed to-be-done activity for his goals to be achieved (Transparent HR processeshttp: //www.infosys.com/HCM/case-studies/telenet-case-study.asp retrieved on 4th October 2009). The entire above said mode can be effectively applied to JVA Corp to bring the organization back on the track where it was before the terrorist attack of 2001. Not only this, the company will be benefited and will be able to retain its present employees who are star performers. Katkowski, D. A., Medsker, G. J., Pritchard, K. H. (2002). Literature review of â€Å"acceptable† or â€Å"just noticeable different† pay increases. Poster presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, April, 2002, Toronto,

Aspirin Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aspirin - Term Paper Example Lastly this summary of the literature studied is presented and a list of works cited is included also. Aspirin is synonymous for acetylsalicylic acid, which functions mainly as pain and fever reliever, and as an anti-inflammatory treatment. Aspirin decreases prostaglandin production which results in decrease in prostaglandin which alleviates inflammation and pain. When therapeutic doses of aspirin are ingested, the drug is rapidly immersed in the stomach, and peak blood levels usually occur within one hour. Following overdose, however, absorption and elimination are drastically altered. Peak levels are frequently delayed, and may occur six hours or more after absorption as a result of pylorospasm, bezoar formation, or the use of extended-release, enteric-coated formulations (Pierce et al,. pp. 65-212 ). In one extreme case, peak levels did not occur until 35 hours after ingestion (Rivera et al., pp. 53-90). Aspirin is mostly used for preventing heart attacks, strokes, ease pain, swelling, and fever. It can also be used to treat arthritis and gout attacks. Aspirin is prescribed to patients with indications of rheumatic fever or in order to protect bypass grafts and stents in the heart. Aspirin works by blocking chemicals that cause pain and swelling and lowers fever by changing the bodys thermostat in the brain. It also helps in stopping platelets from getting sticky and clumping, thus preventing blog clogging which result in heart attacks. Doctors recommend aspirin usage at a regular interval and mostly after having food. Doctors warn that aspirin should not be given to children and teenagers for flu signs or chickenpox and unsafe side effects may happen if taken while taking some other drugs. Additionally children younger than 16 years of age for those having flu or chickenpox symptoms should not be prescribed aspirin or if the patient has an allergy to aspirin or any

Biomarkers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biomarkers - Essay Example In aquatic environment, biomarkers depend upon the physical environmental conditions such as temperature, pH or salinity, as well as toxic concentrations of chemical pollutants or any combination of these. Biomarkers can be categorized as non-specific and specific according to their responses to a particular element or a group of environmental factors (Mayer et al., 1992). non-specific biomarkers, for example ribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid, radiolabelled amino acid or nucleotide incorporation, and adenylate energy charge, give direct information on the growth rate or potential of an organism but they can not be used to determine the particular toxicant. Specific biomarkers can be again categorized n to two sub-categories, organ, and toxicant specific according to method of their recognition. Organ specific biomarkers are analyzed by examining changes in concentration specific enzymes in organisms whether as Toxicant-specific biomarkers are analyzed according to the exposure and effects on an organism due to a chemical or group of chemicals. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), transaminases, creatine phosphokina... criteria with which to assess results should be available Biomarkers can be categorized as non-specific and specific according to their responses to a particular element or a group of environmental factors (Mayer et al., 1992). non-specific biomarkers, for example ribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid, radiolabelled amino acid or nucleotide incorporation, and adenylate energy charge, give direct information on the growth rate or potential of an organism but they can not be used to determine the particular toxicant. Specific biomarkers can be again categorized n to two sub-categories, organ, and toxicant specific according to method of their recognition. Organ specific biomarkers are analyzed by examining changes in concentration specific enzymes in organisms whether as Toxicant-specific biomarkers are analyzed according to the exposure and effects on an organism due to a chemical or group of chemicals. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), transaminases, creatine phosphokinase, lysosomal enzymes, alkaline phosphatases and mixed function oxidase are the examples of organ specific biomarkers while as inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphates and inhibition of cytochrome P monooxygenase, methallothionein and metal binding proteins by metals are some of the toxicant specific biomarkers (Mayer et al., 1992; Gagn and Blaise, 1993). There are basically two parameters for biomarker assessment: global reference values and comparative values. global reference values can be developed for DNA adducts, ALA-D, AChE, scope for growth, CEA, PAH-metabolites, GST, lysosomal stability, micronucleus formation, vitellogenin, MT biomarkers and comparative values can be used for ethoxyresoroufin-o-deethylase (EROD), antioxidant enzymes, peroxisomal

Growing Acme Fireworks Essay Example for Free

Growing Acme Fireworks Essay There is much to consider when expanding a business. How will you make, market, and distribute your product. Are you willing to take full liability for your product and understanding the legalities of what happens if your product is defective? Once that has been established, it’s important to make sure that your business dealings are in order. The strength of the contract and what all it entails. Knowing that the legal document is important more so when things tend to go downhill. Above all is deciding which type of business entity the company will select especially if the company starts out small and looks to expand. Which entity will best serve the growth of the company such as Acme Fireworks? Some years ago I watched a movie called fight club. The movie dealt with a ton of social issues. One of the characters worked for a car company that would fly out their employers out to the areas where there were car accidents. They worked almost as an insurance adjuster that would come and appraise a vehicle once it has been in a wreck and determine, based on the damages how much they would award the car owner. However in the case here the employees would view accidents all over the country and decide if it would cost more to recall the product or pay the total fee for the said accident. If the cost was too much to do a recall then the company would take responsibility for the accident if a law suit is brought forth, however if it is cheaper to recall then the necessary actions would be taken to recall the malfunctioned part. Knowing this it is important that we label the products and its proper uses so if there is an issue then it can be said that the manufacture warned the consumer. In this way, any injury would not be the fault of Acme Fireworks, but the consumer. Just as the example with the cars above, if someone lights a firecracker in a closet and the firecracker goes off and injures the person then the company is not liable being that it is neglect  on the part of the consumer (Rogers, 2012). Now if the same individual uses the firework outside in an open area as is stated on the label and they light the firecracker and it goes off in their hand as soon as the fuse is lit, then that is negligence on behalf of Acme. It must be understood that regardless of the product used, all products have the potential to cause consumer harm (Anthony, 1995). So that is why it is important to make sure everything from the development of the fireworks to the warning labels have been gone over to make sure that the product is not faulty. If a fuse is too short in a product or if the material used to cause the firecracker to explode is too much then that is a defectively manufactured product. Another issue could also be the type of firework that is made. Let’s say for instance that one of the products has the tendency to go off in extreme temperatures and is purchased and placed in areas of storage when the temperatures extreme then that is negligence on the consumer, however if the consumer was not made aware of this by the manufacture then the liability falls to the company. I recall about three years ago when I was in a car accident. Our brakes that we had from the car company had been recalled. We were sent notices in the mail, phone, and email about the recall and were told to bring our vehicle in to make sure the brakes were not faulty and if they were they could be fixed free of charge. The deadline came and went a after it expired I was in a car wreck. I was making a turn in the rain and slammed my brakes and they were locked. I had the repair work done on the vehicle and was told that the brakes were faulty. I informed the dealership of the issue and was told that the company was no longer liable because the deadline had passed. I was outraged and wanted to file a lawsuit against the company, however there are deadlines and limitations to when a suit can be filed and in the state of Georgia, you have up to a year to file such claim. I missed it by 3 months and was unable to file suit against the manufacturer (Day, 2014). Another import issues are the contracts. There are 5 basic elements to a contract: Offer, acceptance, Consideration, Legality and Capacity (Rogers, 2012). Other retailers stated to the owner of Acme Fireworks that they wanted a certain amount of orders filled on a regular bases for an undisclosed time frame and a price was agreed upon, this is the acceptance and offer portion of the contract. The offeror, which in this case are the large retailers, makes an offer which once accepted by  Acme Fireworks, creates a binding contract. Acceptance must be in some way agreed b y all participants; it may be verbal, symbolical, oral or written. The came from the retailers, they had a want from Acme to manufacture a product for them at a certain cost (Stim, 2010). Consideration is another element of a contract and what consideration brings to the table ask the whys and what’s: Why are we entering the contract and are you receiving? In this case Acme gets more money by being able to produce its products and grow their brand and the other retailers receive fireworks from Acme. However in this instance the owner of Acme may have taken on a task bigger than himself. This is a company with only 15 workers and to fill the orders with the new retailers, more employees need to be hired. Not only do they need to be hired, but they need to be trained as well. This must be done while filling out the orders. Here there is not much consideration given by the owner. How many employees do we need, how much will the work flow increase, and how long will we have a contract with the other retailers. No time period was given for the contract. Will this just be one order or is this something that will go on annually. What happen if the orders are not filled on a timely manner is the contract then void? Another question to ask is the capacity and legality of a contract. Capacity to contract means the legal competence of a person to enter into a valid contract. Usually the capacity to contract refers to the capacity to enter into a legal agreement and the competence to perfor m some act. The basic element to enter into a valid contract is that s/he much has a sound mind. Recently there was an issue with an owner of the L.A. Clippers making comments about minorities. The group of owners in the league wanted him to sell his team. He didn’t want to sell and wanted to fight it, however it came out that he does not have the mental faculties to run the organization or make business decision so that responsibility was given to his wife. It came out that he has dementia, but he is fighting this claim as well. Once it is established if he can mentally make these decisions then the wife will not be able to go into discussions to purchase the franchise legally. Acme has 15 full time employees as it stands now. This is without the orders for the new retailers. What we know is that the owner guaranteed that we can take on more business, not considering the staff that we currently have. For the orders to be filled we would have to take on more labor force. Before this  can be done we have to first consider what we have now. We currently have 15 people employed by Acme, to fill the new orders; do we take on double or triple the size? If we do take on more people, would it be something on permanent or temporary ba ses? Employment is very important when business is involved. There are many things to consider when a workforce is involved. When it comes with dealing with explosives it is important that we consider finding individuals who have experience with working with explosives and are well trained as well. This will cost more money for the company when it comes to hiring individuals that are trained to handle explosives. So these can’t be regular workers that one can find at a temp agency. However, we do not know how long to hire these individuals because there is no clarity as to the length of the contract, so the types of workers that we would have to hire would have to come through labor force agencies (Smith, V., Neuwirth, E.B., 2009). The great thing about a temp agency is the large pool of people that they have to choose from. There are times when many corporations view temp agency workers as people who are unskilled, however with the types of agencies that are around today, they can find highly skilled individuals that many companies wo uld be hard pressed to do, being that they would have to exhaust many resources to do so. It has to be understood that this business started out of a garage a couple years ago and is now grown into a company that employees 15 people on staff. Now with the new revenue that will come into the company, Acme Fireworks will have to expand. Acme is a sole proprietorship owned by one individual. This is the simplest organization structure to have. There is less paperwork as well as the tax implications. If there is a loss for that year you can use this loss to offset your other income on your personal return (Fishman, 2014). Though operating as a sole proprietorship is easier, it can also have some setbacks as well. The main problem is that there’s no separation between the individual and the business with the sole proprietorship. That means that if something should happen in the business, like taking on huge contracts with no clear time line and limited planning and staff, you’d be personally liable. For example, if Acme Fireworks business is ever sued or runs int o financial trouble, the owner would be personally on the hook and creditors and lawsuits can come after your  personal assets. That is an issue because if the company profits go to offset the debt, there is little to no money to run the company properly, expand, or take care of the employees. This is just one of the many things to consider when changing your business entity as well as deciding on what is best for the company as a whole. Acme Fireworks started out of a garage, like most businesses it is difficult to raise capital or arranging long term financing because of fewer assets. Also there is one voice and one view which can scare big business opportunities away. This is why a Sole Proprietorship for the future of Acme Fireworks would not be feasible. Being in this type of entity makes it hard to expand. To grow and expand a company needs a formal business structure. So the choice is which entity to choose? With such an undertaking in such a short time, the risk would cause a sole owner to want to form an LLC or incorporate his or her business. In the case of Acme Fireworks, it would be best to change the business entity to a corporation. With the promise of product to these new large retailers, Acme Fireworks would need more capital to grow the business as well as purchase the necessary material to make sure the new orders are able to fill as well as fulfilling previous obligations to the other retailers that we have business with. Choosing this entity protects the owner from legal liability, gives the ability to attract more investors through stocks, and has more structure where there is not just one voice for the business. The juxtaposition to this is the tax liability and the time and how much it cost to incorporate, unlike a sole proprietorship, incorporating a business takes much more paperwork, as well as fee’s that need to be paid to the state the business is in. One of the silver linings for the employees is that even if something happens to the owner, or if he or she retires, the corporation will still be i n tact unlike sole proprietorships. There are many things to consider when it comes to running a company, expanding it, and watching it flourish. There are many businesses that started out in a small garage, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, even men like John D. Rockefeller. However, growth cannot take place without determination and risk. The best way to make sure that your ready to expand is to be sure where you want to take the company and have a sound plan as to the steps one will take to get there. Once you have a vision and financial backing the  next step is to decide which type of business entity you want to be. There are many entities to choose from and no one is greater than the next. It’s all about how you want to mold and model your business. Reference: Anthony, S. (1995). Warning: marketers must do better with product warnings. Marketing News, (13). 4. DAY, J. A. (2014). Protecting Yourself from Statutes of Repose. Tennessee Bar Journal, 50(1), 33-34. Fishman, S. (2014). CHAPTER 2: Choosing the Legal Form for Your Business. In , Working for Yourself (pp. 15-54). Nolo. Smith, V., Neuwirth, E. B. (2009). Temporary Help Agencies and the Making of a New Employment Practice. Academy Of Management Perspectives, 23(1), 56-72. doi:10.5465/AMP.2009.37008003

A Study on the Problems Faced by Teachers in a Mixed Essay Example for Free

A Study on the Problems Faced by Teachers in a Mixed Essay A Study on the Problems faced by Teachers in a Mixed-ability Class. P. Karthi, Assistant Professor, Department of English, Gobi Arts Science College, Gobichettipalayam. Mixed ability as used in ELT usually refers to the differences that exist in a group in terms of different levels of language proficiency. This might be a result of simply the amount of time they have spent for learning, their different language learning abilities or learning style preferences. Almost all groups are mixed-ability. The world of English language teaching (ELT) presents a great number of ideas and concepts, expounding a vast assortment of styles, models and techniques, but often makes a general assumption on the make-up of actual classes in which such teaching methods are to be employed. In an ideal teaching environment, we might all wish for energetic, highly-motivated and able students coupled with a limitless supply of time and resources, but the reality that many of us have to face is far from the ideal situation. For a variety of restrictive reasons there is a need for teachers to make the best use of what is available and to do so in the most productive way that ones personal teaching methodology might allow. Teaching students with mixed ability can pose a unique set of challenges. Diversity in language, culture, confidence and ability can all come into play for teachers in the classroom Working with students, sending them down different paths in order to arrive at a similar goal can be one of the most challenging things for teachers of all backgrounds. However with patience, respect and hard work all the seemingly grand problems can be overcome to the benefit of all. As such, it is our intention to present a brief, basic summary of what we believe to be a sound starting methodology for approaching classes with students of mixed abilities. As a first step in managing the diversity of student ability in the classroom, there needs to be an analysis of the needs of the students. With this analysis the teacher will gain much ground in the effort to determine and support the needs of every student. This analysis will provide an opportunity for the students to reflect on their ability and style and prepare them for the fact that the class will not be managed in the traditional manner. While this action seems to add work for the instructor on the front end of things we think we can easily liken it to the old adage ‘an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure’. Upon determination of the individual student needs the teacher can strive to coordinate the students into functional learning groups based on their skills and learning pace. The construction of focus groups allows the instructor to proactively increase the effectiveness of the lesson plan and provide realistic and achievable assignments to the students. The groups can work together based on their skill level or at that time the instructor can intermingle the weaker with the advanced, which will also contribute to creating variety in the class. This method allows for all students to advance toward a mutual goal at an appropriate pace for their capacity and avoids putting them off with material that is outside of their aptitude. Provided the instructor has established focus groups based on ability or learning pace the next step is to consider the curriculum to be utilized. The instructor should prepare a collection of authentic information and materials that can be used with varying requirements for the class. These materials can be utilized in the classroom to provide different tasks for the unique skill levels so as to achieve conformity in the exercise, while utilizing realistic expectations of what can be accomplished based on individual groups. To this end the instructor can include several different versions of the same homework task in order to align with achievement levels and maximize the benefit to all the students. Ultimately in this very limited summary we feel that we need to consider the psychology of the students, the effects of this methodology on them and how to work to benefit each and every student. If caution is not taken to include all students fully the weaker students will potentially not achieve and consequently experience the natural reaction of avoiding the activities they are not successful in. Because of this reaction the achievement gap will only be widened rather than narrowed. To this end, instructors must make an effort to make the classes inclusive while differentiating in order to ensure student achievement across the board and not just with the better performing students. While there are so many different facets in managing a class of students with mixed abilities, by taking some basic measures teachers can manage the challenge effectively for the benefit of all. We can be certain hat we have only begun to scratch the surface of the issues faced by teachers of classes with mixed ability students, but we hope we have provided some basic building blocks for individual instructors to start with. As instructors we have the responsibility to show respect and provide reasonable attention to all students and we feel strongly that utilizing the previously stated methodology is a start down a path to achieve such ends. Differentiating Instruction for Advanced Learners in the Mixed-Ability Classroom.

Causes and Prevention of Food Safety Hazards

Causes and Prevention of Food Safety Hazards Table of contents Synopsis This project defines the concept of food safety hazards in contrast to physical hazards of food. What are physical hazards? How they can be prevented? And how they can be detected and eliminated is defined in this project. Hazards of food Food hazards are the physical, chemical and biological agents in the food or the condition of food with the probability to harm when eaten or to cause an adverse health effect. Food hazards can be classified as biological hazards such as microorganisms, chemical hazards such as pesticides, chemical, cleaning agents or allergens and physical hazards are those hazards which are not supposed to, nor likely to be in the food like wood, glass, bones grit or dust. Chemical hazards These hazards are caused by following ways By naturally occurring poisonous chemicals such as by poison plants like rhubarb leaves and mushrooms or poisonous animals like puffer fish, mould toxins or algal blooms, etc. Chemicals which are added in water. Chemicals used in agriculture such as pesticides, antibiotics, dips and heavy metals. Poisonous diseases spread by animals or plants. Chemicals like additives or cleaners which are added during food processing. Some people have allergic reactions from certain foods like milk and its products, peanuts, crustaceans or gluten contained cereals. These type of hazards can be controlled by purchasing food stuffs from an approved supplier, protecting the food from contamination, maintain safe cleaning procedures or applying standardize strategies to prevent cross contamination of food. (University, 2014) Biochemical hazards These hazards are born in the food itself and cause the most food borne illness. They can occur by various sources. These microorganisms are commonly called as germs and are only be seen under a microscope. Basically not all the microorganisms are harmful but microorganisms like pathogens are harmful in food when they reach to a high level. Some of them are: Viruses like influenza or hepatitis A. Bacteria like salmonella, bacillus cereus, and staphylococcus aureus. Moulds Protozoa like Guardia Yeast The term food poisoning is caused by these pathogens that are growing in food results in illness. These microorganisms multiply to an infectious level which tends to make a person ill when food is kept in moist or warm conditions. Due to continuous growth of these microorganisms to dangerous intensities, mostly bacteria, food poisoning tend to arise.to avoid these food borne illness, food handlers must know the conditions of food poisoning bacteria and their characteristics. (University, 2014) Physical Hazards A physical hazard is any foreign object accidently gets into the food and causes injury or illness to the person eating food. Physical hazards includes foreign objects like bone or bone chips, pieces of product packaging, insects, wood, metal, stones, glass, personal items etc. Contaminants from sources includes raw materials, improper maintenance of equipment and facilities, improper production procedures and poor employee practices. A physical hazard can enter a food product at any stage of production. It contains sharp and hard objects that can cause a potential threat to a person who is eating. Physical hazard can cause injury to a person such as it can cuts to the mouth or gullet, can damage the intestine can also damage to the gums and teeth Some common physical hazards Glass: common sources from glass containers or glass food containers, or found in food processing facility are light bulbs or tubes. Metal: Sources of metal includes metal from equipment such as blades, broken needles, staples, and fragments from utensils. Plastics: packaging material used, gloves worn by food handling people, cleaning equipment, fragments of plastic tools. Stones: crop fields, picked up stones by certain vegetables during harvesting. Worn concrete structures in food processing industries. Wood: sources of wood comes from commonly like wood structures and wooden pallets used in transportation of food or food products. Classification of physical hazards Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CIFA) defines the physical hazards into three classes depending on their possibility and sternness of their reaction: Category I (high likelihood) Category II (moderate likelihood) Category III (low risk) The organization additionally rates the probability of event dependent upon the level of control that a food processor need to kill the risk: Low Risk: Great control measures secured, however minor infractions happen. Medium Hazard: Some control measures created, yet crevices then again inconsistencies happen. High Risk: Practically zero control built. Every food has its own potential threats or hazards and evaluation of these helps in determining the risk category for likely physical hazard, Preventive measures for common physical hazards Inspect basic materials and food components for field contaminants (ex: stones in oats) that were not found during the course of the initial starting process. Follow decent storing practices and assess potential dangers away zones (ex: sources of brittle glass, for example, light bulbs, staples from containers, and so on.) and use defensive acrylic bulbs or light blankets. Develop details and controls for all elements and parts, including crude materials and bundling materials. Details or specifications ought to hold gauges for assessing adequacy of ingredients or packaging materials (ex: reused cardboard utilized for bundling once in a while holds hints of metals that could be identified by metal detectors. A limit for metal identification established to be secured to evade false positive detection of metal in food products). Set up a practicable detection and removal system for physical threats in the facility (ex: metal locators or magnets to identify metal sections in the formation line, channels or screens to evacuate remote items. The worn out equipment must be properly or regularly maintained to avoid physical hazards. Employee training must happen time to time on shipping, storing, handling and receiving equipment to prevent physical hazards from being into the food. Sanitize and clean tools and utensils or equipment after each use. Sanitize blades of can openers after use to make sure that metal shavings do not hoard. Use only viable ice scoops when getting ice from an ice machine. Detection and elimination of physical hazards Metal detectors will help to detect any metal content in food product. They should set up in food production line to reject products in which metal is detected. Proper maintenance should be done to this equipment to ensure they are working in an accurate manner. Magnets can be used along with metal detectors on food assembly lines to get rid of metal from products. X-Ray machines can be used on food to identify threats such as bones, stones, metals and also hard plastics. Food radar method transmit low-power microwaves through food stuffs to recognize outside constituents , for example, metals, plastics, bones, bits and natural materials in food on processing line. Main Materials of Concern as Physical Hazards and CommonSources (University, 2014) Conclusion Food safety hazards are of three types, mainly chemical, biological and physical hazards. In which, Physical hazards are those foreign materials that are not supposed to go into food products, for example: stones, wood, metal, plastic etc. Physical hazards can cause much severe risk as they can damage, cuts and can cause serious harm to one’s health. They can be prevented by means of methods such as proper care in food processing industries in handling food, proper maintenance of equipment and utensils, sanitization of different utensils and machinery or equipment used in food processing. Physical hazards can be detected and eliminated by means of modern detectors such as Metal detectors, X-ray machine, magnets etc. List of references University, C. 2014. HSC Online Implement food safety procedures. [online] Available at: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/hospitality/hosp_240/food_bev/SITXFSA001A/4124/hazards.htm [Accessed: 7 Mar 2014].

Psalm Essay -- Bible, God

Today’s culture is one where people like to do as little work as possible. Even when it comes to reading our own scripture, The Holy Words of God, a lot of people like to look up one verse and reference it to something without knowing what the rest of the passage says. Psalms 109 is no exception, it is one the more widely misused passages as of late. A popular verse from Psalms 109 is verse 8 which reads â€Å"Let his days be few; and let another take his office†, this is seen in reference to our current president, but what people fail to realize is what else David is actually praying. This paper is going to go through Psalms 109 and unpack it verse by verse to show the true meaning of what David was praying and to give us a new look at how to pray. Psalm 109 begins with a superscription that we have seen several times before, â€Å"A Psalm of David† (Bible 873). David is believed to be the author of this Psalm. Psalms 109 though is not a usual Psalm by David; this particular Psalm is classified as an Imprecatory Psalm or a Cursing Psalm. The idea of Imprecatory Psalms is very unsettling for people and the church. This though goes with a misunderstanding of what is involved in actually making an imprecatory prayer. In the introductory section, consisting of verses 1-5, David makes two claims: â€Å"(1) his innocence and (2) the sins of his enemies† (Spurgeon 28). When you read a Psalm by David, God is usually the subject of Praise and thanksgiving, but that is not the case here, God is instead the one who is being petitioned to do something. The plea that David makes for God to not remain silent in verse 1b is a cry for help. The basis for David’s petition is then given in verses 2-5: 2: For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth o... ...scue of David will result in praise by David. In verses 30 and 31 we see David’s vow of praise. David says that he will praise God for His deliverance in the midst of the all of his trials and enemies (Bible v. 30, 874). The basis for this praise is David’s experience of seeing God stand at his right hand to defend him. David knows that the accusers will finally be silenced when God reveals Himself as his helper and defender. In conclusion, in order to have a proper and healthy relationship with God, one will need to occasionally pray an imprecatory pray. To pray a prayer of imprecation is not wrong, you just need to be sure that your heart is right with God. Finally one must be sure to always leave it in God’s hands and to never take revenge yourself. God wants us to take everything to him good and bad, we are his children and he will take care of us.

Special Needs Education Essay -- Special Education, mentally retarded

One of the most controversial issues facing educators today is the topic of educating students with disabilities, specifically through the concept of inclusion. Inclusion is defined as having every student be a part of the classroom all working together no matter if the child has a learning disability or not (Farmer) (Inclusion: Where We’ve Been.., 2005, para. 5). The mentally retarded population has both a low IQ and the inability to perform everyday functions. Activities such as eating, dressing, walking, and in some cases, talking can be hopeless for a child with mental retardation. Schooling for the disabled requires a special environment—one that only a few teachers have the gift to care for. Instead of looking out for the child’s needs, the government is focused on passing test grades and social skills. Mentally retarded children require a highly trained special education teacher, patience for behavioral issues, and are also required to pass standardized tests; public education for these students move at a faster pace than they can comprehend and lack the personal focus that they would otherwise get in a special needs classroom. The first special education students included the deaf, blind, and later the mentally retarded. If a person was cursed with mental retardation, it was commonly believed to be a demonic possession (Farmer) (Inclusion: Where We’ve Been.., 2005, para. 2). . It wasn’t until the twentieth century that these students were being taught in an educational environment. Realizing that the mentally disabled needed a unique education, the government began taking action. In the 1990’s, the federal and supreme courts began taking an interest in improving special education. Laws began coming into effect almost ... ...c. 2000. 239-259. Washington University School of Law. 17 Mar 2011. Farmer, Marie S. â€Å"Inclusion: Where We’ve Been, Where We Are, Where We’re Going.† Mar 2005. Georgia College & State University. 17 Mar 2011. Harchik, Alan. â€Å"Including Children with Special Needs in Regular Classrooms: Pros and Cons† News for Parents. 2005. May Institute. 18 Mar 2011. Lazarus, Belinda D. â€Å"What is Inclusion?† Making Inclusion Work. Feb 2001. University of Michigan-Dearborn. 18 Mar 2011. Le Fave, Dominic. No Child Left Behind and Special Education Explained. 23 Aug 2010. Philosophographlux. 29 Mar 2011.

Othello Seminar Essay -- essays research papers

The Theme of Love In William Shakespeare's Othello the Theme of Love is very important. The main themes conveyed are: Love can be used against you/ love can be manipulated, and love is blinding (unconditional love). The theme of love can be used against you is best shown in Othello and Desdemona, Cassio and Bianca, Roderigo and Desdemona, and Iago, Roderigo, and Brabantio. The theme of love is blinding is best shown in Desdemona and Othello, Emilia and Iago, and Brabantio and Desdemona. Love can be used against you/ Love can be manipulated. Iago uses Othello's love for Desdemona against him. Iago hints to Othello that she deceived her father so she could deceive him. "She did deceive her father, marrying you, and when she seemed to shake, and fear your looks, She loved them most." (III,iii, 204-206) Like human nature is Othello goes through events which now have answers, "She's gone: I am abused, and my relief must be loathe her. O curse of marriage, That we can call these delicate creatures ours And not their appetites! I had rather be a toad And live upon the vapour of a dungeon Than keep a corner in the thing I love For other's uses." (III,iii, 264 - 270) Othello is getting angry: "Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore; Be sure of it: give me the ocular proof," (III, iii, 356-357) Othello hears Iago's predictions: "All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven: ‘Tis gone. Arise black vengeance, from the hollow hell!" (III, iii, 442 - 443) Othello believing Iago: "Damn her, lewd minx! O damn her, damn her! Come go with me apart." (III, iii, 472 - 473) She then tells him she is a virgin. "No, as I am a Christian. To preserve this vessel for my lord From any other foul unlawful touch, Be not to be a strumpet, I am none." (IV, ii, 82 - 84) Desdemona then turns to Iago. "O good Iago, What shall I do to win my lord again? Good friend, go to him; for, by this light of heaven, I know not how I lost him." (IV, ii, 148 - 150) Othello feels guilty because he found out she was innocent. "Soft you; a word or two before you go. I have done the state some service and they know it: No more of that. I pray you in your letters When you shall these unlucky deeds relate Speak of me as I am: nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice. Then must you speak of one that loved not wisely, b... ...from the Moor./ My wayward husband hath a hundred times/ Wooed me to steal it; ... I'll have the work taken out, / And give't Iago. / What he will do with it, heaven knows, not I: / I nothing, but to please his fantasy." (III, iii, 287 - 296) Emilia's love blinds her from Iago's true nature. She disregards his vulgarness towards women. She also disregards how badly he treats her. "A good wench! Give it me." (III, iii, 311) "You rise to play and go to bed to work." (II, i, 114) Brabantio is blinded by love for his daughter. He believes that she is an innocent child and would never marry ‘the Moor'/Othello of her own free will. He is so angered by the imagery that Iago gave him, he wants Othello killed. "Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her./ For I'll refer me to all things of sense,/ If she in chains of magic were not bound .../ So opposite to marriage that she shunned/ the wealthy curled darlings of our nation, / Would over have .../ Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom? Of such a thing ... to fear not to delight." (I, ii, 63 - 71) "Lay hold upon him: if he do resist, Subdue him, at his peril." (I, ii, 80 - 81)

Abstract to Tata Motors Essay

Tata Motors Limited (formerly TELCO) is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses and military vehicles. It is the world’s eighteenth-largest motor vehicle manufacturing company, fourth-largest truck manufacturer and second-largest bus manufacturer by volume. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, Thailand and the United Kingdom. It has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Dharwad, India, and in South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It has a bus manufacturing joint venture with Marcopolo S.A.,a construction equipment manufacturing joint venture with Hitachi and a joint venture with Fiat in India. Founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969.[6] Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 with the launch of the Tata Sierra and in 1998 launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and the British premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover in 2008. Tata Motors is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India and the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors is ranked 314th in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world’s biggest corporations. Mission To be passionate in anticipating and providing the best vehicles and experiences that excite our customers globally. Vision Most admired by our customers, employees, business partners and shareholders for the experience and value they enjoy from being with us. Culture * Accountability * Customer & product focus * Excellence * Speed Values * Inclusion * Integrity * Accountability * Customer * Innovation * Concern for the environment * Passion for excellence * Agility Product Portfolio| Brands| 1. Tata Sumo 2. Tata Safari3. Tata Indica 4. Tata Indica Vista5. Tata Indigo 6. Tata Manza7. Tata Indigo Marina 8. Tata Winger9. Tata Magic 10. Tata Nano11. Tata Xenon XT 12. Tata Aria13. Tata Venture| SWOT Analysis| Strength| 1. One of the most established company in automobile sector2. Wide & extensive distribution and service network3. Good market penetration in the taxi & rental segment4. Expert service professionals available5. Many associations like Jaguar Land Rover, Hispanso, Macropolo etc which increases international presence6. Dedicated engineering and R&D department7. More than 60,000 employees8. Highly diversified product portfolio| Weakness| 1. Limited international presence2. Sometimes faces alleged quality and durability issues3. Not much customer engagement programs and activities| Opportunity| 1. Expanding automobile market and available space for competitors2. Increasing per capita income and purchasing capability of potential customer base3. Leveraging customer engagement experience to acquire new customers4. Leveraging mergers and acquisitions to acquire newer technology5. Augmenting the distribution and service network in various countries| Threats| 1. Increasing fuel costs2. Competition from other big automobile giants3. Competitive products offering same level features at a lesser price4. Product innovations and frugal engineering by competitors| Automobile market in India: The automotive industry in India is one of the larger markets in the world and had previously been one of the fastest growing globally, but is now seeing flat or negative growth rates.India’s passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011. According to recent reports, India overtook Brazil and became the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world (beating such old and new auto makers as Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Mexico, Russia, Spain, France, Brazil), grew 16 to 18 per cent to sell around three million units in the course of 2011-12. In 2009, India emerged as Asia’s fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand.In 2010, India beat Thailand to become Asia’s third largest exporter of passenger cars. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3.7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33.9%), making the country the second (after China) fastest growing automobile market in the world in that year.According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015, no longer 5 million as previously projected. â€Å"The production of passenger vehicles in India was recorded at 3.23 million in 2012-13 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13 per cent during 2012-2021, as per data published by Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA)†. The majority of India’s car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the south, west and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the revenue share. The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market and the northern cluster around the National Capital Region contributes 32%. Chennai, with the India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo, and PSA Peugeot Citroà «n is about to begin their operations by 2014. Chennai accounts for 60% of the country’s automotive exports.[10] Gurgaon and Manesar in Haryana form the northern cluster where the country’s largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki, is based.[11] The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the western cluster with companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants  in the area. Nashik has a major base of Mahindra & Mahindra with a UV assembly unit and an Engine assembly unit. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also forms part of the western cluster. Another emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at their plant in Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat.Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of the other automotive manufacturing regions around the country. Competition: Tata Motors enjoys giant-sized growth thanks to its Nano cars. The company — India’s largest automobile maker by sales — makes buses, trucks, tractor-trailers, passenger cars (Indica, Indigo, Jaguar, Land Rover, Safari, Sumo, and the popular micro car Nano), light commercial vehicles, and utility vehicles. It also makes construction equipment and provides IT services. Tata Motors sells through more than 1,000 dealers in India, as well as exports vehicles to countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America. In addition, the company distributes Fiat-brand cars in India through its Tata-Fiat dealer network. List of Competitors: Commercial vehicles: 1. Ashok Leyland 2. Volvo motors 3. Swaraj Mazda 4. Mahindra motors Passenger Vehicles 1. MSIL 2. Hyundai motors 3. Honda motors References: http://www.slideshare.net/ykartheekguptha/tata-motors-2010-ppt-by-karthik http://www.tatamotors.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors http://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/automobiles/5022-tata-motors.html

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr Essay

The PBS video, â€Å"Malcolm and the Civil Rights Movement† is important in showing the varying views of both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. The video makes it well evident that both men were striving for the same end result, which was â€Å"defeating white racism and empowering African Americans. However, as the video explains, while both men had the same destination in mind, they both sought different journeys to get there. Through an analysis of the PBS video, Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, and several passages from The Autobiography of Malcolm X, it can be concluded that while the two men wanted the same thing, they both had different views and beliefs; Malcolm X was angry, bitter and vengeful, while Martin Luther King Jr. was only concerned with fixing the issue at hand. Early in the PBS video, it is explained that while King wished to mend and strengthen a family bond that already existed, Malcolm X viewed himself and black Mu slims as an outside party. This is evident through the public denial that Malcolm X was even an American due to his opposing view of the suggestion of â€Å"integration with white America.† (â€Å"Malcolm and the Civil Rights Movement†, The American Experience. PBS. Video Transcript) This belief that Malcolm X was completely angry and against white America is aided though a passage in his autobiography coming from page 292 of the fifteenth chapter. In the first provided passage of Malcom X’s autobiography, Malcolm X shows marked bitterness and hatred in his choice of words to describe the situation. This can best be attributed to the quoting of the his words saying â€Å"the antebellum white slavemaster even devilishly manipulated his own woman.† This phrasing by Malcolm X speaks volumes to how he views the relationship of the white male to the rest of society. Through the using of the word â€Å"devilishly† he is portraying his inner thoughts that the white man is evil and c orrupt in his judgments. Then by using the words and â€Å"manipulated† and â€Å"own†, Malcolm X is expressing his belief that the white man is power hungry and sees the world as a game for his bemusement and handling. Furthermore by saying â€Å"his own woman†, this would suggest that Malcolm X believes that the white slave owner sees himself the master of not only black men but also white females. (Malcolm X, p. 292) To the slave owner, everything but himself is property and assets to be owned and managed. The passage then goes on to explain that Malcolm X strongly holds a general stereotype of slave owners copulating with their slaves to be unquestioned fact about all slave owners. His remarks that the slave owner has conned his wife into letting him procreate with the slaves allows valuable insight into Malcolm X’s thoughts that white male is purely a trickster and untrustworthy. The final two paragraphs of the first passage provided from The Autobiography of Malcolm X offer perhaps the most profound description of Malcolm X’s beliefs surrounding the relationship between blacks and whites. Through the anecdote of the girl traveling all that way to try and make amends for something that not even herself has been proven guilty of showcases how impenetrable Malcolm X’s beliefs are. While the girl asks Malcolm X if he believes â€Å"there are good white people†, Malcolm X explains that only actions can change his thoughts. The girl then offers, â€Å"What can I do?† at which Malcolm X responds that there is nothing she can do (Malcolm X, p. 292). This effectively renders the argument that Malcolm X firmly believes that the previous and current disrespectful actions whites have shown blacks are unforgiving. This belief and anger strongly contradicts with the first part of Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† spee ch. Martin Luther King Jr. begins his speech with a preface of â€Å"let us not wallow in the valley of despair,† which he uses to say that the past does not need to define the feelings of the future. King then addresses that by moving on from the past quarrels, brotherhood can be established and the nation’s creed of â€Å"all men are created equal† can be recognized (â€Å"Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream† 1963. Speech). Paralleling this theme of the past not defining the future, King speaks of the state of Mississippi’s current and previous mishaps and how it can change as long as the past is left in the past. In the second provided passage of Malcolm X’s autobiography, which is pages 250 and 251 of the fourteenth chapter, it becomes increasingly clear that Malcolm X does not believe that whites and blacks can live happily on the same level. He then makes a unique distinction between the words segregate and separate. Through a reference to Elijah Mohammed, Malcolm X explains that segregation implies that one side –blacks– are inferior to the other side, while separation suggests that both sides have mutually agreed to part ways and keep distance without one holding significant power or influence over the others. To round out the passage, Malcolm X makes an analogy to a mother and her child stating that unless the baby is separate at birth then both the mother and baby will ultimately die (Malcolm X, p. 250-1). Interestingly, in the third provided passage, which is also found in the fourteenth chapter on pages 260 and 261, Malcolm X makes an interesting comparison of the black people being pets of the white society. This shows that Malcolm X believes that blacks are being trained for the benefit of whites and even mentions the word â€Å"brainwashing† to describe how whites have affected blacks. This passage continues the thought from the second provided passage from earlier in the chapter that blacks should be given the chance to be their own people, away from the influence of white society (Malcolm X, p. 260-1). This analogy suggests that Malcolm X sees the black peoples as independent people that deserve the chance to grow and mature on their own terms. Differing strongly from Malcolm X is King’s speech which showcases his believe that separation is not needed and that he envisions both races coming together as a family. This is illustrated through the line â€Å"black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sister and brothers.† With reference to his reverend background, King makes a suggestion that religion can be a unifying factor for the two races and that â€Å"the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.† (â€Å"Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream†, 1963. Speech) This is in direct contrast to Malcolm X and his autobiography, which puts significant emphasis on his Muslim beliefs being in direct opposition to white society. With the religious tone set, King’s speech then continues to explain how the previous grievances and tragedies of yesterday can be removed for tomorrow beginning with the phrase â€Å"with this faith†. This explains that King was looking to mend fences while Malcolm X saw the situation as â€Å"us versus everyone† and that everyone was out to victimize them. Finishing his speech, King expands the current situation to encompass the hardships of all other situations in the United States. Through this, King is able to offer that uniting of the black and white races can be a foundation for freedom of all parties in the United States. This helps to explain the difference between the views King and Malcolm X most clearly. While Malcolm X believes that unless separation is achieved the two races will destroy each other, King believes that if the two races come together then great achievements and progress in freedom for all can be accomplished. The PBS video then explains that Malcolm X did not want the black Muslim people to viewed as â€Å"defenseless† and thus, he was opposed to a strategy of non-violence (â€Å"Malcolm and the Civil Rights Movement†, The American Experience. PBS. Video Transcript). Because of the differing views on violence, religion was brought into play and Malcolm X insinuated that King was following the white man’s religion and still being controlled by him. While physical violence was avoided by King’s strategy, so was verbal assault as King often avoided criticizing Malcolm X and his comments. The video then explains that Malcolm X’s unique position then became less dominant in his mind as he felt let down from Elijah Muhammad after the death of Ronald Stokes. At the same time Malcolm X was looking to cause physical pain to the other side, King was making legislative and social gains in his movement (â€Å"Malcolm and the Civil Rights Movement†, The American Experience. PBS. Video Transcript). This helps to explain that King largely wanted a fix to the problem, while Malcolm X wanted revenge. Through an analysis of the PBS video, Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, and several passages from The Autobiography of Malcolm X, it can be concluded that while the two men wanted the same thing, they both had different views and believes. Malcolm X can be concluded to be angry, bitter and vengeful, with no believe that the relationship between blacks and whites could be salvaged. While differing greatly, Martin Luther King Jr. can be said to be guided by faith, optimistic, future oriented and only concerned with fixing the issue at hand. Works Cited 1.King, Martin Luther. â€Å"Dr. Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream.† March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. 28 Aug. 1963. Speech. 2.†Malcom and the Civil Rights Movement.† The American Experience. PBS. 5 May 2005. Television. Transcript. 3.Malcolm X. â€Å"Chapter 14.† The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told by Alex Haley. Alex Haley. New York: Random House, 1964. 250-1, 260-1. Print. 4.Malcolm X. â€Å"Chapter 15.† The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told by Alex Haley. Alex Haley. New York: Random House, 1964. 292. Print.

Lord of the Flies Antrhopology

Thomas Hobbes was one of the most controversial philosophers of all time. He argued that the, â€Å"Life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short† (Hobbes 77). Clearly he didn’t think that humanity was a good group of beings. In the Lord of the Flies by William Golding, one character, Jack Merridew, displays many characteristics of Hobbes’ philosophy on man. Time after time, Golding subtly refers to Hobbes’ philosophy through Jack and his reactions with other characters in the book. After Golding introduces the boys, they want to elect a chief, and already, Golding is using Hobbes’ anthropology.In Hobbes’ Leviathan, he states, â€Å"And therefore, if any two men desire the same thing which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies† (Hobbes 76). The two main contenders for the chief position are Ralph and Jack. Jack fervently believes that he should be chief, and he says, â€Å"’I ought to be chief,â €™ said Jack with simple arrogance, ’because I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp’† (Golding 15). Fortunately, Ralph is elected chief, and Jack is disappointed. This simple election creates the dispute between the two boys for the whole book.Ralph and Jack cannot share the position, and both cannot enjoy it, so Jack begins to have an aversion to Ralph. Hobbes’ philosophy basically predicted that this would occur. They both wanted a thing, leadership, and one got it, making them both enemies. This enmity that Jack has eventually pushes him to the point of wanting to kill Ralph in order to lead the island without opposition. This craving for murder also demonstrates another philosophical point by Hobbes. Far later in the book, Jack’s relations with Ralph once again clearly display one of Hobbes’ points.In Leviathan, Hobbes writes, â€Å"In all times kings and persons of sovereign authority, because of their indepen dency, are†¦ in the state and posture of gladiators, having their weapons pointing and their eyes fixed on one another† (76). After Jack splits from the tribe in order to make a new one, he immediately sees the other tribe as a threat. He even literally has his weapons pointed at Ralph in one scene specifically, in which the two leaders are dueling. The narrator narrates, â€Å"Jack made a rush and stabbed at Ralph’s chest with spear. Ralph sensed the position of the weapon from the glimpse he caught of Jack’s arm and put the hrust aside with his own butt† (Golding 159). Even though Hobbes may have intended this to be figurative without the actual leaders fighting, but their armies doing their work, this seems to fit the same kind of description. Hobbes really means that kings, or in this case chiefs, are always looking to fight each other, always ready for battle, always looking to rid themselves of their opponents. In the same way, Jack is always lo oking to fight Ralph, always ready for battle against Ralph, always looking to rid himself of Ralph. Golding ultimately connects Jack to Hobbes through Jack’s lack of mercy and justice.An unknown author composed a summary of Hobbes’ argument pertaining to this subject, and wrote â€Å"The state of nature†¦ was founded upon a savage egoism which drove man to seek a maximum of pleasure without hindrance from a norm of justice or mercy toward other men. Every man was continually engaged in war against all other men† (Paragraph 9). Throughout the book, Jack fastidiously tries to not offer mercy or due justice to people. In one instance, Ralph pleads for mercy upon the twins, Sam and Eric. The narrator says, â€Å"’Grab them! ’ No one moved. Jack shouted angrily. I said ‘grab them’! ’ Their spears were taken from them. ‘Tie them up! ’ Ralph cried out hopelessly against the black and green mask. ‘Jack! â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Golding 161). The key word of this scene is â€Å"hopelessly. † This simple word makes Ralph’s plea seem impossible; henceforth, Jack is not giving mercy at any cost. Jack wants the twins to leave Ralph and join his tribe. This essentially gives him pleasure because he knows that Ralph is hopeless. Whatever plea Ralph makes will not be granted because it will hinder his pleasure. Justice will not be served because it will hinder his pleasure.Mercy will not be served because it will hinder his pleasure. Hobbes directly says that people will not give justice or mercy when it will hinder his own pleasure. For Jack, to offer mercy is to rid himself of pleasure; therefore, he will not give the mercy according to Hobbes’ philosophy. Golding clearly thought of Hobbes’ philosophy when he was contriving Jack. Jack displays almost all of the qualities that a human being should display according to Hobbes. First, his enmity toward Ralph is solely based on a thing that he can’t have, which is what Hobbes predicted would happen.Second, he and Ralph, because they are both opposing leaders, have weapons pointed at each other, symbolizing how opposing leaders always quarrel with each other according to Hobbes. Third, his lack of mercy and justice for those who deserve it is nonexistent because it will hinder his pleasure according to Hobbes. In conclusion, in almost every act that Jack does, he relates back to Hobbes’ philosophy pertaining to human nature. Works Cited â€Å"The Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. † 1998. The Radical Academy. 15 March 2010. <http://www. radicalacademy. com/philfthomashobbes. htm>.Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. The Harvard Classics. 1904-14. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. I used passive voice because the subjects are more important than Jack, who would be doing the action. (This isn’t rhet oric, it’s just and explanation) [ 2 ]. I used epistrophe to emphasize the point that Jack will not do the things that will hinder his pleasure [ 3 ]. I used antithesis here to kind of show a cause and effect. If he was to offer mercy (the cause) then he would accept defeat (effect). It seemed more logical to use antithesis right here than other forms of rhetoric.

Grocery Retail Industry Essay

The first Tesco shop opened in Edgware, North London in 1929; although the creator of Tesco was a man called Jack Cohen who sold the first own-brand product in 1924, this product was ‘Tesco Tea’. Now 82 years on Tesco currently operates in 14 countries across the globe. The name Tesco comes from TE Stockwell who was a shared partner of the tea firm which created the tea Jack Cohen sold. Therefore taking the initials ‘TES’ from Stockwell’s name and the first 2 initials of Cohen’s surname ‘CO’ this then creates ‘Tesco’. By using marketing theories and strategies I am going to analyse Tesco as an organisation. Tesco’s current market The retail industry is a very competitive industry due to customers not always being loyal but being persuaded by price, quality and range of products. In order to gain customer loyalty Tesco’s must ensure they keep costs down and offer a wide range of products. As previously mentioned Tesco’s have stores in 14 countries, the shops are built where there are high demands and where communities allow buildings to be constructed. Location of Tesco shops Figure 1 – World map of where. Analysis Pest Analysis Using the PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) this will show how Tesco works within the grocery retail industry. P – Tesco works close within the local communities of their stores. A quote taken from the corporate responsibility section of the website states; â€Å"We want to be a good neighbour in all the communities in which we operate† This means that within local communities they make a long term difference and showing interest in activities around the community. By doing so this gains customer loyalty. A national political issue is the increasing rates of unemployment, due to Tesco still growing more jobs become available as a result reducing the rate of unemployment. Expand on more issues. E – Due to Tesco being a large retailer selling named branded products as well as home branded products there are able to appeal to all types of markets. As Tesco is just one of the major retailers with competition such as Asda and Morrisons, as well as the current recession, Tesco are required to be very competitive with their prices. Socially there has been an increase in fitness and healthy eating therefore products such as fruit/vegetables/smoothies etc should be on the increase but due to the financial issue at the moment customers buy pre-prepared products or frozen meals for convenience and cost. T – Tesco offers an online service in order for customers to purchase grocery shopping online via the internet which they can then get delivered. An example of a technological factor in store would be the introduction of self service checkouts which entitles a customer to scan and pay for their own shopping. Internal SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Home branded products Capacity of staff Online services Worldwide company Opportunities Threats Play area Other supermarket chains Hair and beauty salons in store Tesco food platters Figure 2 – SWOT Analysis table Strengths Home brand products – By Tesco selling home branded products they are able to make a bigger profit on products. Branded products are purchased from the producer and it is then up to Tesco to sell these on for a profit as well as keeping costs down. Any amount of profit made on a home branded product is completely profited by Tesco. Online Services – Tesco operates online and due to the internet being a massive part of economy today this is a massive strength. Tesco also offers other services such as ‘Tesco direct’ which is a catalogue shop where products can be ordered online and either collected in store or can be delivered. Worldwide Company – Tesco is known all over the world which increases acknowledgement of the store. Customers tend to trust shops with they are familiar with. Opportunities Tesco food platters – Tesco’s could offer a service of creating food platters to be delivered. This would be very successful within businesses who order buffets regularly. This could include creating different ranges of buffet which vary in price and then delivering. Sainsbury’s offer a similar service called ‘Instore party platter service’ although their buffets are to be collected in store whereas if Tesco deliver the buffets then this is an advantage above the competition. Weaknesses Capacity of Staff – Within the UK stores there are 293,676 members of staff working in Tesco Stores (figure correct as of 10/1/12 according to Tesco Plc. com). Due to the mass amount of staff employed by Tesco as an organisation the personal relationships which can be found in a small organisation aren’t likely to be present. Employees may feel like ‘just a number’ within the organisation therefore rubbing off a negative attitude onto customers. Threats Other supermarket chains – Retail is a competitive business and there are several popular supermarket chains. One of Tesco’s biggest competitors is Asda, Asda has the guarantee of ‘If we’re not 10% cheaper on your comparable grocery shopping we’ll give you the difference. Guaranteed. ’ This puts the pressure on Tesco to offer deals to keep their current customers and to gain potential new ones. Tesco also have smaller stores called ‘Tesco Extra’ which are more for convenience shopping and in smaller areas of town. Asda have now started building convenience stores named ‘Asda Supermarket’ therefore not only are Asda a competitor with the larger stores but also with the smaller stores too. Micro-environment Analysis Porters Five Forces Figure 3 – Porter’s five forces 1. Existing competitors – Tesco’s main competitors are Sainsbury, Asda and Morrisons as they are all large supermarkets. Tesco offer an online service in order for customers to order their shopping online and for it to be delivered. This is a service that Asda also offers although Morrisons hasn’t yet developed online. If these organisations have the same strategic ideas then this increases the level of competition. â€Å"Operating in a mature, flat market where growth is difficult and consumers are increasingly demanding and sophisticated, large chains such as Tesco are accruing large amounts of consumer information that can be used to communicate with the consumer† Ritz (2005) Relating to exit barrier it is difficult for an organisation such as Tesco known as a grocery retailer to move into non-food areas although they offer a range of different services within retail. In order to respond to customer behaviour Tesco is left as having to reduce its prices to the lowest possible amount. 2. Bargaining power of customers – This is very high as it’s the customers who profit the company. If a price is too high then customers may go to another large supermarket for the same product or an alternative. This may also apply if a product is out of stock. Also within a large supermarket like Tesco there are many different bands or products which leave the customer in a lower ratio than products. Threat of new entrants – It is very difficult to enter into the large Supermarket chain as it’s a limited business. Also Tesco is already set up with it’s suppliers with lower prices making it hard for a new business to find cheaper suppliers. A new business would require starting out small in order to build customer loyalty, also they would have limited stock of brands or less products yet bought as a higher price. 4. Bargaining power of suppliers – Within a small organisation a supplier would have a lot of power and demand that there products are bought at a set  price, this leaves small retailers at a disadvantage as they need to make a profit on items. Whereas with large Supermarkets they can determine what price they will pay for a product, if a supplier disagrees they are automatically reducing the product market. 5. Substitute products – In the larger stores there are many like-for-like products including own brands within Tesco which can reduce sales of products. â€Å"General substitution is able to reduce demand for a particular product, as there is a threat of consumers switching to the alternatives† Porter M. Therefore larger supermarkets like Tesco have opened their stores but to a smaller scale which offers customers many of the same popular products but a limited range. Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning (STP) Consumer Segmentation Tesco have a great advantage of finding out customer data using the Tesco Clubcard scheme. When a customer registers for a Clubcard they must fill in their basic information in order to enter the scheme. When a customer uses their Clubcard during a transaction then Tesco is able to see what the customer has purchased. After a while when a customer has made several transactions then Tesco are able to collect data about that customer and compare to see which items are commonly purchased and what brand/type of items. By doing so Tesco is able to determine the lifestyle of that particular customer and create a profile. Once this has been done then Tesco are able to provide each individual customer with the appropriate promotions and special offers so that customers can relate good prices for the products they regularly buy to Tesco, therefore staying loyal. An example of this would be if a customer bought items such as ‘Quorn’ or ‘vegetarian sausages’ then they wouldn’t expect to receive meat discount vouchers from Tesco Clubcard. Targeting Tesco targets all types of markets. Price bands – dependant upon where the store is situated – upper class, middle class, lower class will depend upon a price band. Price band 1 being the cheapest, price band 4 being the more expensive. Eg if store located in Westcliffe, would be price band 1 to keep the lower class people shopping. If store located in an upmarket neighbourhood, would be price band 4 to take more money off the upper class people for same products. Dependant upon store size will depend upon price bands also, because a larger store will have a bigger buying in margin ( where tesco will get discount off a product for buying more in bulk) where as a smaller convenience store will have a smaller buying in margin so will not be able to give the customer a discount like the bigger stores. Positioning In 1997 Tesco were known as a large retailer within the grocery retail market. They then developed the marketing strategy of becoming â€Å"as strong in non-food as in food†. 15 years on from when this challenge was set Tesco now deal in services such as; Tesco Direct F&F – Tesco Clothing range Tesco Fuel Tesco Bank Tesco Mobile Tesco Opticians Tesco Entertainment Tesco Direct – This service provides customers with a catalogue which contains Tesco’s range of Electrical appliances, home furnishings, toys and many other products. Once selected these products can either be delivered or arrange to be collected from a local direct desk. This sort of service competes with that of Argos who is also a direct catalogue retailer. Tesco Clothing F&F range – This is a difficult market for Tesco to enter into with a high entry barrier. The clothing retailer market is a very competitive business as you have the expensive designer shops ranging right down to the basic value for money clothing. Tesco tend to focus there clothing range on school clothes for children as this is something that appeals to parents. Parents aren’t prepared to spend lots of money on clothes which have to sustain a lot of wear and tear. In august 2011 Tesco promoted a back to school offer of a ? 15 bundle which includes trousers, skirt or a pinafore, a coat and a 3 pack of shirts or polo shirts.