Biography of Lady Jane Grey, the 9 Day Queen of England

Lady Jane Grey (1537 - February 12, 1559) was a young woman who was briefly the Queen of England for a total of nine days. She was put on the throne of England after the death of Edward VI by an alliance of her father, Duke of Suffolk, and her father-in-law, Duke of Northumberland, as part of a struggle between factions within the Tudor family over the succession and over religion.  She was executed as a threat to the succession of Mary I. Background and Family Lady Jane Grey was born in Leicestershire in 1537, to a family well-connected to the Tudor  rulers. Her father was Henry Grey, marquess of Dorset, later duke of Suffolk. He was a great-grandson of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IVs queen consort, through a son of her first marriage to Sir John Grey. Her mother, Lady Frances Brandon, was the daughter of Princess Mary of England, sister of Henry VIII, and her second husband, Charles Brandon.  She was thus through her maternal grandmother related to the ruling Tudor family: she was a great-granddaughter of Henry VII and his wife Elizabeth of York, and through Elizabeth, a great great granddaughter of  Elizabeth Woodville  through her second marriage to Edward IV. Well-educated as was fit for a young lady who was even distantly in line for succession for the throne, Lady Jane Grey became the ward of Thomas Seymour, fourth husband of Henry VIIIs widow, Catherine Parr. After his execution for treason in 1549, Lady Jane Grey returned to her parents home. Family at a Glance Mother: Lady Frances Brandon, daughter of Mary Tudor who was the sister of Henry VIII, and her second husband, Charles BrandonFather: Henry Grey, Duke of SuffolkSiblings: Lady Catherine Grey, Lady Mary Grey Reign of Edward VI John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, in 1549 became head of the council advising and ruling for the young King Edward VI, son of King Henry VIII and his third wife, Jane Seymour. Under his leadership, Englands economy improved, and the replacement of Roman Catholicism with Protestantism progressed. Northumberland realized that Edwards health was fragile and probably failing and that the named successor, Mary, would side with the Roman Catholics and probably would suppress Protestants. He arranged with Suffolk for Suffolks daughter, Lady Jane, to marry Guildford Dudley, son of Northumberland. They were married in May of 1553. Northumberland then convinced Edward to make Jane and any male heirs she might have the successors to Edwards crown. Northumberland gained the agreement of his fellow council members to this change in the succession. This act bypassed Henrys daughters, the princesses Mary and Elizabeth, whom Henry had named his heirs if Edward died without children. The act also ignored the fact that the Duchess of Suffolk, Janes mother, would normally have precedence over Jane since Lady Frances was the daughter of Henrys sister Mary and Jane the granddaughter. Brief Reign After Edward died on July 6, 1553, Northumberland had Lady Jane Grey declared Queen, to Janes surprise and dismay. But support for Lady Jane Grey as Queen quickly disappeared as Mary gathered her forces to claim the throne. Threat to the Reign of Mary I On July 19, Mary was declared Queen of England, and Jane and her father were imprisoned. Northumberland was executed; Suffolk was pardoned; Jane, Dudley, and others were sentenced to be executed for high treason. Mary hesitated with the executions, however, until Suffolk participated in Thomas Wyatts rebellion when Mary realized that Lady Jane Grey, alive, would be too tempting a focus for further rebellions. Lady Jane Grey and her young husband Guildford Dudley were executed on February 12, 1554. Lady Jane Grey has been represented in art and illustrations  as her tragic story has been told and retold.

Should School Be Students - 1366 Words

School is an important part of every person’s life, in most cases it can shape the path of a person’s life. The purpose of school is to develop and prepare students to live dynamic lives in the world. School should prepare students to make great contributions to the world. School does this by developing in two ways: cognitively and socially. Schools develop students cognitively by promoting growth of skills such as: perception, attention, memory, motor skills, language, visual spatial processing, problem solving, and etc. Basically these skills are responsible for the way we learn. These skills are really important because they help us carry out the most complex or basic tasks. School is also important because it develops students†¦show more content†¦Also I believe students learn best when learning is student-centered and inquiry-based (Wiggins McTighe,2011). Student-centered and inquiry-based learning shifts the way students learn. The learning styles now al low students to find and apply information themselves, instead of students listening and receiving information from teachers. Students become more involved and more interested in their learning (Wiggins McTighe,2011). Being able to use these different teaching styles is very important in mathematics. Mathematics is the study of number, shapes, and change. As mathematics developed over time, more discoveries were made to explain the natural occurrences being discovered. Mathematics attempts to explain the natural phenomenon throughout the world to better understand the world we live in. Because mathematics attempts to understand and explain the world, it is important to learn. Mathematics should be taught because it trains and develops problem solving, logic, and reasoning skills. Effective mathematics teaching nurtures these three cognitive skills through learning and understanding mathematics. Problem solving is important to thrive in the workforce. Most if not all jobs are created to solve problems or needs we have in the world. To solve these problems, individuals need to be trained to problem solve. Also math trains and develops logic and reasoning skills. Not

Short Personal Statement by a Geology Student Free Essays

Short Personal Statement by a Geology Student Growing up in Canada with a life-long fascination for Canadian geography, I have always been interested in returning to the country. Although my family moved to the US before I entered high school, I have always kept my eyes turned north, especially in recent years as I began to read journal articles about research conducted on John Evans Glacier, located about 80? N latitude. Graduating next semester with a B. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Personal Statement by a Geology Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. in computer science and engineering and a minor in geographic information systems, I am interested in attending the University of Alberta for graduate study. Geographic information systems (GIS) is a field especially suited to investigating spatial patterns, modeling diverse scenarios, and overlaying spatial data. This semester, in my advanced GIS course, Spatial Data Structures and Algorithms, I am part of a team developing a temporal database and program for tracing historical trading data. My computer science skills have also been put to use in two summer internship projects, where I acquired proficiency with using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) technology, now favored by NASA in its current 10-year study of Greenland and changes in the ice cap extent. Through my coursework and project experience, I have also accrued skills in using Arc/Info, ArcView, Microstation, and RDBMS software packages, and I am equally comfortable programming in Visual Basic, C++, and Java. For my graduate research project, I would like to investigate methods for improving current GIS data models to better incorporate time as a variable in studying climate change. Changes in glaciers and polar environments occur rapidly, and these changes become important indicators of broader, potentially catastrophic, global changes. By developing and applying temporal GIS methods to glaciology, I can contribute to improved spatio-temporal analysis techniques for studying the polar environment and glaciers. Also, I can discern which temporal methods serve as the best predictors and provide benefits to the GIS research community that apply to areas other than glaciology. My long-term goals are to enter the GIS field as a consultant or to extend my research and earn my Ph. D. at a program of international reputation. Having advanced experience with temporal GIS technology would make me a valuable consultant to a company, especially in the twin burgeoning fields of computer science and GIS. In applying to the University of Alberta, I recognize your strengths in both computer science and glaciology, and the recent application of these areas to field research at Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada, is especially appealing to me. With my deep-rooted interest in Canadian geology and recognition of the quality of your university programs, I hope you will give my application every consideration. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by a Paleontology Student From an early age I was fascinated with fossils. My respect for ancient life has always included an admitted partiality for the study of vertebrates. Upon taking my first college-level paleontology class I knew without a doubt that I had chosen the right path. The study of fossils has never felt like unwarranted labor, but an opportunity to learn about these creatures that lived so long before our time. Throughout my geology coursework my ears have always pricked up at the mention of the word fossil. My college education has been a means to entering the study of vertebrate paleontology. Naturally when the time to choose a thesis project came, I made sure that I would do mine in the field of paleontology, working directly with fossil specimens. My project involves the taphonomy, stratigraphy, and identification of a middle-Ordovician coral bioherm as well as its bryozoan constituents. The research is now well under way, involving many aspects of a sound paleontological study: sampling, analysis, identification, and finalization into a report. Fossiliferous rock samples were acquired from the field, cut at proper orientations, polished, and peel section slides produced from them. My analysis of these slides led to identification of the specimens utilizing the established literature. Fossil specimen photography will soon follow. The abstract from this research project has been submitted in time for the Northeastern Section Meeting of the Geological Society of America in March. From this project I will take away an understanding of how to conduct a proper paleontological study and I will write a thesis. My aspirations for study in vertebrate paleontology are primarily in understanding what fossil specimens can tell us about how ancient vertebrates lived, interacted with their environment, and evolved through time. More specifically, my research interests within the field include employing morphology in the phylogenetic analysis of major evolutionary bifurcations such as that involving theropods and birds, exploiting biogeography to better understand vertebrate expansion and speciation, and the use of functional morphology and biomechanics to understand vertebrate movement. My long-term goals are to educate others and spur interest in vertebrate paleontology while conducting research. The position of professor would encompass these goals as well as allow me to publish and maintain a successful presence in the field. The program at the University of Chicago would prepare me extremely well for what I ultimately intend to do in life. The works of professors within the Division of Biological Sciences, the Department of Geophysical Sciences, as well as the Field Museum are impressive. I appreciated meeting Dr. Paul C. Sereno during his visit at Mythic University in December 2004, and I find his approach toward exploration and his application of cladistics in phylogenetic studies indispensable to the field of vertebrate paleontological study. From this correspondence I feel the research that I would conduct at the university would not only be interesting and rewarding, but give me experience in the field to then apply toward my ultimate goal of becoming an academic professor. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Internship Application Essay by a Geography Student Prior to coming to Mythic College, I had a very skewed view of what geography was. When I thought about geography, visions of memorizing all fifty state capitals and exercises of filling in the world map came to mind. Freshman year, I enrolled in Geography 20 (human geography) simply because it was the only honors class that fit in my schedule. Instead of being bored, I was stimulated to think of the world through a different focus, through the lens of a geographer: to view people and places and examine how each relates to the other. Suddenly, I was thinking of everything in this fashion. When walking to class, I would ponder why the paths were designed the way they were and how this affected the different flows of traffic. I found that geography addresses my varied academic interests well. It offers me a balance of physical, social, and cultural studies. Therefore, it was a natural progression for me to pursue geography as a major. Throughout my geography experience at Mythic College, I have gained skill in Geographic Information Sciences, which has given me great insight in many fields. For one, I obtained a greater understanding of how the US Census is calculated and this enabled me to be a more informed enumerator. Now, I find myself completely captivated by the various elements of geography and how they all are interwoven in a nexus of relations with historical, economic, physical, social, and cultural nodes. For my Honors Thesis next year, I will be exploring the Rothschild family to see how they fit within these various geographic realms. I am fascinated by how this family began as foreigners and within a few years was able to build a banking empire and become leaders in the economic world. As part of my thesis research, I intend to travel to the various cities where they lived and make observations on both economic and social grounds. After I complete my undergraduate education in geography, I hope to work for an organization that incorporates geographical education and exploration. I hope to be able to write articles and essays that would be used to increase geographical awareness as well as educate people about lesser-known cultures in the world. I also intend on participating in the Peace Corps and speculate about earning a law degree. I wish to participate in the Geography Intern Program with the National Geographic Society because, in short, it would be the fulfillment of my dream. It would enable me to work in an environment with people who share similar interests, providing me with an opportunity to contribute to a product that reaches a broad audience of people who subscribe to the magazine, visit Explorer’s Hall, or glance through a National Geographic book. It would provide me with the practical experience that would aid me tremendously in pursuing my future goals, and reveal paths I might otherwise never discover. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Fellowships Application Essay by a Materials Science Student As a master’s student, I am currently working in the Materials Research Laboratory (MRL) in the Ferroelectrics group spearheaded by Dr. John Teacher. In my research group, we are attempting to design microwave-active materials to facilitate the procurement of a low-powered miniaturized solid-state antenna. I am personally interested in what role highly polarizable ions in the prototypical Perovskite-type crystal structures can play in tunable microwave antennas. Barium Strontium Titanium Oxide (BSTO) in tandem with non-electrical oxides has recently been used in phase array antennas. The addition of non-electrical oxides, for example, magnesium oxide (MgO), has improved the tunability and adjustable electrical properties of the BSTO over wider ranges, as well as improved the impedance matching of the antenna/air interface. Empirical studies suggest that doping BSTO with MgO lowers the impedance by lowering the permittivity of the composite, in turn lowering the insertion losses over appreciable ranges of microwave frequencies. With the aid of the materials science graduate fellowship, I would like to develop this technology and apply it to the miniaturization of solid-state lowpowered antennas in my Ph. D. graduate study. In my previous work experience at the Space and Naval Warfare System Centers San Diego (SSC-SD), I worked side by side with engineers to design innovative communication devices for the Navy. In particular, requirements relating to interoperability, transmission security, and multifunctionality were approached in several ways as teams brainstormed concepts. Based on this experience, my interest in telecommunications and data transmission, coupled with my background in engineering, will provide me with the tools necessary to address tomorrow’s communications issues. Mythic University is a strong research institution with talented faculty and state-of-the-art facilities. My familiarity with Mythic University’s faculty and facilities allows me to avoid many of the pitfalls commonly associated with getting a Ph. D. My current lab and the Department of Electrical Engineering have several professors who have overlapping interests, with graduate students often using equipment in both labs freely. This is exactly the type of environment where I can easily merge the two disciplines. In the long run, I want to be as versed in electrical engineering as I am in materials science so that I can contribute to a research and manufacturing facility in the areas of communication and related fields. This desire comes with precedence: I can remember junior year attending one of my first major ourses taught by my current mentor, where he suggested that a ceramist should also be versed in electrical engineering in order to be effective. The seeds planted then are now ready to bloom. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by a Student Applying to the Teach for America Program Why do you seek to join Teach For America? One of the principles of my religion, The Baha’i Faith, is service. Therefore, after high school and before I started college, I traveled to Ecuador to do a year of service through the Baha’i Faith. Through this experience, when I entered college I felt a few years older than the average freshman because I had gained a great deal of the knowledge, life experience, ability to deal with difficult situations, and the ability to live alone in another country. I owe much of my success in college to that year of my life. Now that my undergraduate education is coming to a close, I explored the idea of going to another country again. Then I realized how much service was also needed in the United States. I realized that I could use my skills of a second language, Spanish, my teaching experience, my love for math and science, and my drive to serve and make a difference right here in my own country. Skills are only of benefit if you put them to use to help all of humanity. I would love to join Teach For America to put into practice my skills and help to motivate and inspire the same thirst for knowledge that was instilled in me through my parents from the time I was born. What would make you an effective corps member? I strongly believe that one of the most important elements for the academic success of any child comes directly from the involvement and enthusiasm of the parents. In San Joaquin, Ecuador, I taught Virtues Classes at a school of all boys from grades kindergarten through 7th grade for 9 months. During this time I not only had to learn a completely new language, but I also had to use it to teach coherently in a short period of time. As part of my work, my teaching partner and I developed a program for the parents of the children in our classes. We invited all the parents to learn about the principles we were teaching their children such as honesty, generosity, justice, and kindness. I gained a great deal of experience dealing with uninvolved or upset parents. Based on these experiences, I believe I would be most useful in an area with a high Latino population because of my ability to communicate directly with the parents in either English or Spanish. I am a very outgoing and self-motivated person and have no trouble stepping into difficult situations to help mediate them. I believe that we need to give children of every race, cultural, and socioeconomic background the opportunity to grow up with an education. I promote the need to value education and put energy into making it fun. I welcome the opportunity to facilitate a positive learning environment and communicate with students and parents in two languages. As I graduate college, the best way for me to put into practice the principles that I uphold is to serve as a teacher in the Teach for America program. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by a Neuroscience Student—2 pages Personal Statement Janet Lerner I sat in Dr. Wiley’s lab at the University of Pittsburgh, poring over files of records about HIVinfected human brains from which we had tissue samples. I had just learned how to read the autopsy reports, looking for key words and descriptive phrases the doctors had written that might disqualify the samples as potential candidates for our study. We were looking for HIV-positive human brain tissue samples that either had been diagnosed as having HIV encephalitis or not having encephalitis (to be used as a control). My objective was to find samples that had HIV encephalitis, but no other complicating disorders such as cytomegalovirus, bacterial infection, or meningitis. This was a more difficult task than one would perceive because the HIV infection often leads to the development of opportunistic infections that would not normally be of concern in patients without HIV. As I sifted through one manila folder after another, entering data into an Excel spreadsheet, I became aware of the fact that many of the brains we had were from patients who were only a few years older than I. I was twenty years old at the time, and after having to epeatedly enter â€Å"19† or â€Å"23† into the Age column, I began to realize that AIDS had literally taken these peoples’ lives. I could not even imagine what it would be like to be 17 years old knowing that I had a fatal disease. They would never be able to have the career of their dreams, go on a trip to Italy, or graduate from college. Life wa s taken from them before they fully experienced it. The above summer internship inspired me to want to help people with fatal diseases such as AIDS. More specifically, I knew I wanted to conduct research on the molecular basis of disease. One of the projects I worked on during that summer was developing a diagnostic procedure for HIV encephalitis using PK11195, a ligand for the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor present on the mitochondria of macrophages. The fundamental design of the experiment and its applicability to human disease left me intrigued. From then on, I wanted to attend graduate school so I could have the opportunity to better peoples’ lives through research as a biomedical scientist. After consideration, I realized that I am interested in taking more than one approach to answer scientific questions. Many fields of science interest me, including immunology, biochemistry, genetics, and pathology. I have always been extremely fascinated by the nervous system and its vital link to human disease. Having had three research experiences as an undergraduate, I feel prepared and excited to begin my path of research and study. Thus, I am applying to the Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania because it is an interdisciplinary program that would allow me to serve people through biomedical research and help me achieve my goals. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ page 2 Penn’s graduate program in neuroscience is one of the most prestigious in the world. As the home to many of the greatest researchers in the field, Penn’s educational opportunities would meet my greatest expectations. The research done by Dr. Robert Doms, who is currently investigating the cellular biology of membrane proteins involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, is of particular interest to me. My experiences using molecular biological techniques to study intracellular protein localization make his approach very appealing. I am specifically interested in studying the ? -secretase complex and its effects on the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Dr. Doms’ research has the potential to help millions of people with Alzheimer’s disease, and I would welcome the opportunity to work with him. Beyond my desire to attend Penn for academic reasons, Penn also appeals to me on a personal level. After spending four years in the rural setting of Mythic College, I am ready to live in a new, urban setting. Living in Philadelphia would be perfect for me because it would allow me to experience life in a major city while still in reach of my family’s home in Reading. I would be very excited to be surrounded by the academically and culturally rich environment at UPenn, and I hope to have the opportunity to do so. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by a Student in Medieval Literature—2 pages Medieval literature is a passion that has enveloped me since I read Chretien de Troyes’ Lancelot during my freshman year. In this Arthurian romance, Chretien represents Lancelot as conflicted—a chivalrous knight whom one expects to find only in myth, yet in violation of the code of honor, desirous of his lord’s queen. I began thinking of the tales of the Arthurian knights as more than legendary—as potentially credible historical accounts. Soon, I wrote a paper on Gawain’s rhetoric as a means to elicit specific responses in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Gawain’s rhetorical strategies and their manipulations ultimately lead him to a deeper personal recognition and self-acceptance. This early exercise alerted me to the pleasures of working with languages of the Middle Ages. My academic interest in Celtic Studies was piqued when I learned of Ogam stones in my Literature in the Natural World class. Ogam is not a spoken language, rather, a code of inscriptions that gave the Irish language an alphabet and supplied the Irish people with a means of writing on stone, wood, and other natural elements with relative ease. Ogam is also found in many manuscripts, where it is both written and read in a manner different from that employed when it is found on stones. As an aspiring academic in Medieval Literature, I recognize that knowledge of the literature of medieval cultures is vitally important. Irish literature, including Ogam inscriptions and manuscripts, is therefore essential to a medieval scholar. The Frenchman Gregory of Tours said of the humanities in medieval Europe, â€Å"Culture and education are dying out in every city in Gaul . . . People often complain ‘Alas for our times, literacy is dying among us. † While Gregory’s testimony may have been true for much of Europe, where culture floundered in the midst of war, he neglected to speak of Ireland, the country where literature and language flourished during this era and later became known as the â€Å"Land of Saints and Scholars. † Three of the most impressive medieval manuscripts were created in Ireland: The Gospel s of St. Willibrord, which is on display in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, The Book of Kells, and The Book of Durrow, both of which are displayed in Trinity University’s Library. Last May I had the pleasure of meeting with Professor Damian McManus, head of Trinity University’s School of Irish, who presented me with a copy of his book A Guide to Ogam. I met with him to discuss the graduate opportunities available in Old and Middle Irish Language and Literature at Trinity University. Dr. McManus has many research initiatives, although these are open only to students who have previously worked with Early Irish studies. During our meeting, he suggested that I first conduct my studies with Dr. Kim McCone at the National University of Ireland at Maynooth, and then return to Trinity where I can further pursue a research degree under his guidance. After obtaining the necessary fundamentals of Old and Middle Irish language, I will be better equipped to study Ogam stones and to read the inscriptions, which would enable me to study another field of academia: epigraphy. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ 2 The National University of Ireland at Maynooth provides the opportunity to create one’s own program. This would best prepare me for future graduate research in Ogam stones and would allow me to enhance my knowledge of medieval writings by including both Irish literature and the English, French, and Latin literature that compose much of the western medieval canon. Professor McCone, whom Dr. McManus regards as one of the â€Å"finest scholars in the field of Early Irish,† is the head of NUI Maynooth’s Department of Old and Middle Irish, and personally helps international students to construct a program to suit their needs during their study in Ireland. In order to prepare myself for Ogam studies with Dr. McManus, I plan to complete a oneyear program of study leading to an M. A. in Old and Middle Irish Studies, which would consist of the standard canon of Medieval Irish Literature, Old and Middle Irish language, and a class devoted to the women of Medieval Ireland. This class specifically catches my interest because a study of medieval women is integral to a full understanding of the Middle Ages, as many Irish scholars were monks, living in monastic settlements such as Clonmacnois and Glendalough, where women were forbidden. That NUI Maynooth offers a class devoted to medieval women— often prohibited from studying at these monastic centers of education—exhibits the department’s intent in providing students with a balanced history of Ireland’s Middle Ages. There is no doubt that Ireland’s wealth of medieval literature boasts women writers comparable to Marie de France, whose â€Å"Lanval† was the first piece of medieval literature written by a woman that I studied. While attending university in Maynooth and learning the early Irish language, I would also have the invaluable opportunity of learning from my distant cousin, who resides in Maynooth. She has taught modern Irish in schools for years and would tutor me in modern Irish language while I study Old and Middle Irish with Dr. McCone. This unique prospect would allow me to study the development of Irish from its beginnings to its modern form, a development which I am currently studying in an Honors English seminar on the history of the English language. Because I am now tracing the development of English, I will already have many of the skills necessary to study the evolution of the Irish language. Clearly the journey of a young scholar is more complete with an understanding of other cultures, specifically those relevant to the student’s chosen field of study. I look forward, therefore, to studying the ancient, medieval, and modern ideas and languages of Ireland in situ. Is d’Eirinn me. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by a Student in Education Seeking a Scholarship—2 pages Beinecke Scholarship Personal Essay by Janet Lerner Passion drips from the lips of the preacher at the pulpit. Passion shakes on the shoulders of the general during war. Passion clings to the moist brow of the attorney during a heated courtroom debate. The passions of others, like lawyer and activist Thurgood Marshall, have opened doors for me as an African-American woman. I am grateful for Marshall’s work over 50 years after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, which pushed racial integration in schools and defended the concept that â€Å"separate was inherently unequal. † The devotion of others has inspired and humbled me, and it is with this same passion that I honor education and service to others today. My passion for education is steeped in the notion that I believe it literally saved my life in the form of opportunities that took me out of an unsafe environment. Growing up on the south side of Chicago in one of the city’s worst neighborhoods was difficult, and I understand now it could have been much worse. Gangs had a wealth of power, drugs permeated the streets, and young girls were cautioned to watch for â€Å"Stranger Danger. † I could not play outside, so instead I read. I made friends with Alice in Wonderland, or Huck on the Mississippi, Pip in England, and John Steptoe’s â€Å"Black Cinderella†Ã¢â‚¬â€Nyasha in Zimbabwe. My mother, seeing the passion for knowledge in me as a young child, enrolled me in a magnet elementary school on the other side of Chicago, to which I would ride the bus for two hours a day. There I flourished and soon I was recruited to test for entrance into the Pre-International Baccalaureate Program, a curriculum that prepared gifted and talented students for the International Baccalaureate Program in high school. I had been given an opportunity to pursue a high quality education in a public school, a chance some African-Americans, in their devotion, had died for to guarantee. The passion I have to serve others has its roots in my high school experience, during which I noticed some pivotal points of interest. At my high school, African-American students composed a small percentage of those placed in gifted education, with most students being labeled â€Å"regular education students,† who were poor pupils from the area’s housing projects. They had fewer resources and opportunities to pursue college preparatory work when compared to their white or wealthier counterparts, and it was no secret that the â€Å"regular† kids were at the bottom of the totem pole. It became clear to e as I listened to others berate them that they were not expected to go on to college. As an African-American student in a gifted program, I had access to a wealth of resources. I felt angered that my peers were excluded from the smorgasbord of knowledge, which many others were encouraged to partake in freely. It was the first time I was mature enough to see the ine quities of education, my prized and valued yellow brick road. Passion to enact change welled in my stomach and stayed there. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. du/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ 2 As a beginning college student at rural Mythic University I continued to experience injustice. Professors seemed surprised at my academic abilities, students questioned my worth by muttering â€Å"affirmative action† under their breaths, and white people openly stared at my brown skin on the street. My passion for change had no choice but to evolve into action. I joined professional organizations like the College of Education Student Council to voice my concerns, and I formed a new organization, the Multicultural Education Student Association, when they were not addressed. Through this organization I was able to form support groups with other students and mentor first-year students of color in the college. As my education progressed, I decided to fight injustice intellectually in the study of the politics, economics, and sociology of education, which revealed the reasons why and how disparities occurred in education and society. In my senior year, I will explore these disparities in my honors thesis research, which focuses on the ability of students of color and low socioeconomic backgrounds to transition from community college to four-year institutions. Researchbased evidence is a powerful tool to enact change, and I look forward to gathering this evidence during an upcoming summer internship, during which I will interview students of color about their experiences. Currently I challenge myself socially by removing myself from comfort zones. An example of such is my study abroad experience to occur in the fall semester, 20xx. I have committed to completing my student teaching requirement at Bognor-Regis University, on the southern coast of England, amidst a culture of people I have never been exposed to, thousands of miles from home. Despite some admitted nervousness over the challenge of this experience, my passion for success drives me to overcome any obstacle and achieve success in every area I venture. My graduate school experience will be used to seek out knowledge (for which my thirst can never be quenched) and for research. My research interests include studying factors that affect equal access to educational resources for students of color in grades K-12 and equality of student access to higher education. These interests will guide the creation of projects that will lead to real-life applications. I will also pursue a master’s degree, then a doctorate in Public Policy with a concentration in education and urban planning. My long-term goal of becoming a policy analyst for the government’s Department of Education would give me the opportunity to help develop effective public policy in these areas of interest. W. E. B. Dubois said that a â€Å"talented tenth† of educated African-Americans could go forth to enact social change for the oppressed. I believe I am a living example of Dubois’ passionfilled dream. My passion has given me the power to propel that social change in an often unjust society. For all of those denied opportunity I want many more to receive it. If awarded the Beinecke Scholarship I would use this support to explore, research, and contribute treasures to the field, valuable not only for their intellectual depth, but also because of their social implications for a better society and America. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by a Student Applying for Online Education—2 pages In my work as an Air Force pilot during the seven years since graduating college, I’ve continually found ways to show how the tools of a professional geographer can be used to help my organization do its job better. My experiences in combat since the fall of 20xx have only reinforced this assertion. A revolution, driven by information, is underway in war fighting. The ability to collect and analyze information is as important to today’s soldier as mass and maneuver was to Clauswitz. Battlespace situational awareness and the subsequent ability to shape the battlespace is an intrinsically geographic problem. During WW I, observers in hot air balloons and biplanes handsketched the location of enemy emplacements. That ‘eye-in-the-sky’ evolved into modern satellite imagery and signals intelligence. Historically, the wealth of collected data has been diminished by the time and expertise necessary to analyze it and the organizational stovepipes through which it was disseminated. In contrast, Operation Enduring Freedom saw the first use of real-time sensor-to-shooter links over the mountains of Afghanistan. Unmanned USAF Predator aircraft, hosting a suite of multispectral sensors, were deployed to loiter over and survey areas of enemy activity. Decisionmakers and front-line operators used those dynamic images to swiftly identify and attack the enemy. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), for the first time, deployed personnel to front-line units. NGA teams’ know-how and communication suites allowed combat commanders to reach back and exploit all of the agency’s spatial data and technical expertise. Commenting on this theme in NGA’s Pathfinder magazine, Major General Roger Over states, â€Å"That’s exactly what I wanted, but I didn’t know that until you showed me. † As a geographer, I understand that our community views problem-solving through a unique lens. GIS gives the professional geographer powerful tools to collect, analyze, and exploit spatial information. Unfortunately, many leaders and decision-makers are unaware of the speed and flexibility the geographer can bring to problem solving. I’ve served as an Air Force pilot for the past six years and have logged several hundred combat hours during operations in Southwest Asia. I’ve experienced first-hand the power of well-applied spatial data in battle. During mission planning for a flight to a hostile dirt landing zone in southern Afghanistan, I used NIMA’s computerized fly-by products to familiarize my crew with the area. Squadron tacticians merged our planned route and altitudes with images based on DTED and satellite data. These images gave me the invaluable experience of, virtually, having been there before. Later in the same mission, adverse weather blocked our planned route of flight. Using his onboard laptop, my navigator overlaid the day’s air coordination plan depicting air refueling tracks and combat ‘kill-boxes’ with a tactical chart of the area. We safely avoided those danger zones and successfully completed the mission. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ My expertise in flying, particularly airlift operations, puts me in a position to appreciate both the support our mission receives from geographers today and to envision the possibilities that exist through technical advances and more flexible organizational collaboration. I think that the most significant roadblocks to realizing these possibilities are fiscal constraints and ignorance within my own profession al community about what the professional geographer brings to the fight. Personally, I can do little to affect Congressional funding. However, my military experience, wedded with a more advanced background in GIS, would help me to bridge the military and geospatial communities. GIS and the geographers’ approach to problem solving promises decision makers, at all levels, unprecedented situational awareness across any layer of the battlespace. I don’t expect the military to begin training squadrons of GIS wizards. However, it’s become increasingly important that a broader cross-section of people within our force understands how individual pieces of the puzzle can benefit from the geographer’s tools. That message can be delivered through cooperation among agencies like the Air Force’s Air University, the Air Mobility Warfare Center, the NGA, and Mythic University’s e-Education Institute. I imagine a ‘geoinfo-awareness’ course for officers attending Army Command and General Staff college or the Air Force Weapons Instructor school, proctored by a capabilities expert from NGA, and hosted on-line by our own geography department. The on-line format would allow an infinitely customizable curriculum outlaying the power of filtering information and solving problems within a spatial context. Moreover, the on-line forum, unconstrained by classroom space or time zones, would both enable and encourage professional collaboration across the military’s often rigid organizational and functional lines. That kind of collaboration, linked with an awareness of capabilities, yields success when the ever-changing demands of conflict require innovative solutions. I’ve articulated my professional motivation and logic for pursuing an on-line MGIS degree through Mythic University’s innovative program. More personally, I’m excited to find this opportunity to become a more expert geographer while continuing my active duty military service. My experience as an Air Force pilot has been both enriching and adventurous, but I miss the intellectual challenges I faced as an undergrad. I see unlimited opportunities to put my professional experience and academic interest to good use, and the MGIS program promises a means to do so. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ Short Personal Statement by an Engineer Applying to a Master’s Program—2 pages As General Manager, I am currently the head of safety and health for a multi-national industrial minerals mining company. A tour of a meat packaging plant as a teenager, and the many hazards that required control within that environment, solidified my decision to become a safety and health professional. During that tour, I witnessed workers using large knives while preparing the meat for packing, unguarded rotating machinery, the cattle being euthanized with loud bolt guns, and was shown pictures of worker injuries by the safety and health manager. Motivated by that early experience, I have remained strongly committed to this profession for years and I derive great satisfaction from facilitating improvement within the construction, industrial, and mining environments and protecting miners. Seven years after graduating from the Safety Engineering Technology program at Mythic College, a member of Polytechnics Canada, I began the process of becoming a Certified Safety Professional. This endeavor involved a two-year concerted effort of balancing study and work. During late 20xx, I earned the Certified Safety Professional designation from the Board of Certified Safety Professionals. Since then, I have maintained my designation through earning sufficient continuance of certification points by attending and presenting at national professional conferences, such as those sponsored by the Society for Mining and Metallurgical Engineering and the American Industrial Hygiene Association. Evidence of my ability to solve problems and think â€Å"outside the box† may be found in my initiation of formal research projects with engineers and scientists from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). During 20xx, I initiated a seven-year research project with NIOSH which culminated in the development of a quick, safe, and effective technology that allows workers at mineral processing operations to clean their dustsoiled clothing periodically throughout the workday. A former Bureau of Mines report documented a 10-fold increase in worker dust exposure on a number of separate occasions from dusty work clothes. This technology, referred to as the â€Å"clothes cleaning booth,† can significantly reduce worker exposure to dust and is gaining traction within the mining and industrial industries. Since 20xx I have also initiated NIOSH studies involving ergonomic interventions and Age Awareness Training. The objective of the Age Awareness Traini ng is to increase worker awareness regarding physical and mental changes associated with the aging process – the more aware workers are of these changes, the better equipped they are to avoid injury and illness. Most recently, I have initiated a project with NIOSH with the objective of merging real-time aerosol monitor data with web cam videos for the development of state of the art training materials. My intent is for the training materials to visually quantify how small changes in work practices can significantly impact personal exposure levels to dust. The objective of this research and development project is to lower worker exposures to respirable dust. 1 Cecala, A. B. E. D. Thimons. Impact of Background Sources on Dust Exposure of Bag Machine Operator. BuMines IC 9089, 1986, 10 pp. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ 2 During my career as a safety professional, I have gained extensive experience evaluating personal workplace exposures to potential toxic materials, to include development of control measures as needed. The potential toxins I have evaluated and controlled have included quartz, cristobalite, asbestos, diesel particulate matter, welding fumes, and radiation. Other physical hazards I have often evaluated and controlled include noise, heat, cold, and illumination. I have also managed an extensive occupational health program for approximately 3,000 miners as well as developed and managed a robust internet-based safety and health data management program which is used on a daily basis by our mining operations globally. I am a strong believer in continuous improvement, both within the working environment and professionally. My professional development converts irectly into improvement of the working environment which translates directly into safer and healthier miners. Attaining a Master of Science degree in Industrial Hygiene from Montana Tech is the next step in my professional development process. My two primary reasons for continuing to advance my professional development are (a) to prepare myself to become a Certified Industrial Hygienist, and (b) to improve my ability to quickly and effectively identify and control hazards. Achieving an MS in Industrial Hygiene from Montana Tech would most certainly derive benefit for me and the workers I endeavor to protect. If admitted, as I have effectively demonstrated in attaining my Certified Safety Professional designation, I would successfully balance work and studies and eventually become a graduate Montana Tech would be proud to call one of its own. These pages were downloaded from Writing Personal Statements Online, available at https://www. e-education. psu. edu/writingpersonalstatementsonline/ How to cite Short Personal Statement by a Geology Student, Essay examples

Counselling Therapy Systemic Therapies

Question: Discuss about the Counselling Therapy for Systemic Therapies. Answer: Summary of session The counselling session in the video provides insights into the issues faced by the client. The client is a married woman who states that she often gets late in her work and cannot organise her daily tasks correctly. Whenever her routine changes, she develops anxiety and cannot manage things. The thought of being late freezes her mind, and she develops confusion regarding how to initiate the task. Different questions posed by the counsellor helps in knowing her state of mind and what exactly happens when she develops anxiety. She has to travel a lot and things like booking tickets, getting on time always run in her mind. But still, she gets up late in spite of putting an alarm. When she develops this kind of anxiety, she tries to relax herself by relaxation techniques. Finally, after all, the questioned posed by the counsellor is answered by the client, the counsellor advises her regarding how she can sort things and make it more systematic to avoid tension. She teaches her breathing techniques as a form of relaxation during anxiety. Method of counseling and purpose As a counsellor, I need to maintain a particular level of therapeutic relation with the client. To deal with the client, I utilized narrative therapy to counsel the patient and knew about her psychological problems. It is a modern approach to counselling that uses ways to understand the lived experience of the client in reality and focus on the use of stories to solve their problems in life (Johnstone Dallos, 2013).My primary objective behind taking this approach of counselling was to help identify clients problem through the narration of their story. My technique was to pose such questions to the client that it automatically helps in reauthoring their life story in a descriptive way. My approach was to use a range of strategies to uncover the issues hidden in the plot and create a new perspective on the story (Ha Baek, 2015). In the case of the client in the video, I wanted her to narrate her stories and know her view regarding the issue. The Same story can be looked at differently by a different person (McMahon Watson, 2012). I wanted to know clients story to judge how she looks at things and problems in her life. It might be possible that another person with the same situation may react differently if they face similar conditions in life. Therefore, every person involved in an incident has their own perspective regarding the reality of that situation (McMahon Watson, 2012), and I wanted to know her perspective regarding the challenges she faces every day in life due to her anxiety. Principles and skills of narrative therapy I was interested in helping the client to recognize that her approach to a situation can be different than what she thinks. The fundamental principles of narrative therapy are: Getting to know the problem or story Externalizing the problem Thickening the story or deconstructing dominant plots Redeveloping the narrative (Epston et al., 2012). I first started with asking the client to narrate her problems in her own words. While she answered to my questions one by one, I was exploring how the issue has influenced clients life. When asked about what problem the client faces, she explained in detail that she experiences nervous breakdown due to her inability to organize things and not being able to do daily activities on time in spite of planning to do. The client narrates that often she sets the alarm for 5 a.m, but still she sleeps till 7 a.m. When she wakes up, all of a sudden managing household work and getting the tasks done become difficult. When asked about what exactly happens to her at such times, she narrates that her mind freezes for a time being, and she has to push herself to work. This story about the client helped me realize that she had a problem with anxiety, and I tried techniques to define the problem in clients own word and languages. This was my approach to externalize the problem (Denborough, 2014). I used my counselling skills to thicken the story by questions like: When did the problem start to trouble you? How does the problem continue to trouble you in life? What is affecting you right now at this stage? During what situation this pattern of thinking starts? When did this thing start? Asking all the above questions enlightened me with inner layers to the clients story. The client told me that she first faced this problem when her husband has to suddenly rush to his parents because of sudden illness. Since then the problem has started to trouble her. I was able to know that the patient has to travel a lot and so she continues to face problem whenever her normal routine changes. Rushing to do things on time, booking a ticket, arranging the house, etc. acts as a stressor for her. Therefore, I realized that she develops this anxiety and unusual thinking pattern when her daily routine changes all of a sudden. This kind of activity can be influenced by the culture inherited by the client (Madsen, 2013).In this case, the client had a problematic story to narrate. I was able to deconstruct her dominant stories. It is the belief of the customer that tends to shape their problems in life. Once her attitude towards the situation changes and she starts thinking in a positive way to solve problems, she can add new meaning to her life (Helmond et al., 2014). I also identified that the clients life centered round her issues and she forgot about her positivities in life. Therefore, my approach towards treating the client was to distract her from her own perspective of the problem during the interview and show her how she can manage the same situation in a better and positive way (Freedman, 2014). I explored the client's dominant story in depth. I asked influencing questions like- Can you explain what is the effect of these problems in your life? What exactly happens when you develop anxiety due to disorganization of task? What techniques have you adopted to tackle such situations? Have you shared your problem with your husband? When asked about the effects of the problem in the clients life, she answered that she experienced pain in hand and legs when her anxiety and nervousness increases. The client narrated that tries to tackle the situation by relaxing herself and lying down for some time. Then she exerts and pushes herself to complete the task. I also got to know that the client was reluctant to share her problems with her husband. I found this strange and I felt that she should have discussed this problem with her husband. The interview session helped me to deconstruct stories during my counselling session to interpret new meanings of the narration. It is an approach to separate the problem from the client and implement ways to overcome the problem (Ricks, et al., 2014). I also used methods to redevelop the narrative of the customer by using different depth of question. I used this technique because it helps in removing filters so that the hidden part of the experience of customers comes to the forefront. I realized that the client had marginalised her problems, and this might be due to her cultural boundaries (Freedman, 2014). This is evident from the fact that as married women she is expected to fulfill all her duties regarding looking after household work, family as well as in-laws. The responsibility of the family, work and in-laws had affected the client's state of mind and led to her nervous breakdown in life. I was able to get a vivid description of the problems faced by the client through a range of different questions related to her story. Solution to the clients problem Finally, I helped the client to redevelop her story by showing her a new perspective of dealing with the problem. I remained actively engaged with the customer throughout the counselling session and advised her that she should make a list of things that she will do on a given day. Secondly, she notes the time before which she will do the task. The first few days she will have to put extra efforts to get up on the planned time. I suggested that before starting the task, she should give herself 5-10 minutes time to relax herself by adopting releasing techniques. It would mean doing deep breathing exercise to relax oneself and engaging in fun activities like listening to music, having a chat or wandering around for some time. This technique will help in relaxing the patients and accomplish her planned task efficiently (Armfield Heaton, 2013). However, by the end of the session I realised my weakness in counselling skills. I was able to view the clients problem from a large sociocultural context, but I could not identify what is absent but implicit in the presentation of problem. I should have explored the impact of the problem by questioning the client regarding what is truly valuable to them in a broader context beyond the problem. This would be an influential step to help the client prioritise her choices in life in order to manage things in a better way. Often people forget their values when they navigate a new terrain. This approach would have helped the client to understand their experiences in life and gains skills to address problem scenarios in the future (Oshman Combs, 2016). Implications of narrative therapy Thus, narrative therapy is a very useful technique to help the client become the author of their own story and instill in them new positivity to tackle life situations. This theory will have useful implications for treating patients with different problems. This is because it recognises the fact that people face natural competency skills that guide them to bring new changes in life (Ribeiro et al., 2016). The approach to separating problems from individuals and externalizing sensitive issues work well in healing the patients and change their perspective towards the problem. This strategy mitigates resistance and allows a person to address and manages their problems in a productive and efficient manner (McParland, 2015). Reference Armfield, J. M., Heaton, L. J. (2013). Management of fear and anxiety in the dental clinic: a review.Australian dental journal,58(4), 390-407. Denborough, D. (2014).Retelling the stories of our lives: Everyday narrative therapy to draw inspiration and transform experience. WW Norton Company. Epston, D., Stillman, J. R., Erbes, C. R. (2012). Speaking two languages: A conversation between narrative therapy and scientific practices.Journal of Systemic Therapies,31(1), 74. Freedman, J. (2014). Witnessing and positioning: Structuring narrative therapy with families and couples.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy,35(1), 20-30. Ha, T. H., Baek, H. G. (2015). A study on curing the wounded heart applications development and effect analysis by utilizing narrative therapy techniques.Journal of Digital Contents Society,16(2), 207-218. Helmond, P., Overbeek, G., Brugman, D., Gibbs, J. C. (2014). A meta-analysis on cognitive distortions and externalizing problem behavior associations, moderators, and treatment effectiveness.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 0093854814552842. Johnstone, L., Dallos, R. (2013).Formulation in psychology and psychotherapy: Making sense of people's problems. Routledge. Madsen, W. C. (2013).Collaborative therapy with multi-stressed families. Guilford Press. McMahon, M., Watson, M. (2012). Story crafting: Strategies for facilitating narrative career counselling.International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,12(3), 211-224. McParland, J. (2015). Narrative therapy in a learning disability context: A review.Tizard Learning Disability Review,20(3), 121-129. Oshman, L. D., Combs, G. N. (2016). Integrating motivational interviewing and narrative therapy to teach behavior change to family medicine resident physicians.The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine,51(4), 367-378. Ribeiro, A. P., Braga, C., Stiles, W. B., Teixeira, P., Gonalves, M. M., Ribeiro, E. (2016). Therapist interventions and client ambivalence in two cases of narrative therapy for depression.Psychotherapy Research, 1-13. Ricks, L., Kitchens, S., Goodrich, T., Hancock, E. (2014). My story: The use of narrative therapy in individual and group counseling.Journal of Creativity in Mental Health,9(1), 99-110.

Total Compensation in HRM

Reality Therapy

Reality Therapy Free Online Research Papers What is Reality Therapy Psychology Essay Reality therapists believe that changing what we do is the key to changing how we feel and to getting what we want (Glasser, 1997). The name reality, though catchy, is easily misunderstood by those who assume that reality therapy has something to do with giving people â€Å"a dose of reality (Rogha, 2005). The focus of this paper will be to explore the various uses and overall effectiveness of reality therapy among a diverse population. From a realistic perspective it is very hard to change our emotions directly. It is easier to change our thinking: to decide, for example, that we will no longer think of ourselves as victims or to decide that in our thoughts we will concentrate on what we can do rather than what we think everybody else ought to do. Reality Therapy First and foremost, the founder of reality therapy, Dr. William Glasser does not believe in the concept of mental illness unless there is something organically wrong with the brain that can be confirmed by a pathologist (Howatt, 2001). Therefore, this counseling/psychological approach which is a cause and effect theory that explains human behavior is considered controversial by some mainstream professionals as non-traditional. Early on, he (Glasser)came to the conclusion that genetically we are social creatures and need each other and that the cause of almost all psychological symptoms is our inability to get along with the important people in our lives. In this paper, I will examine the above ideas which focus on personal choice, personal responsibility and personal transformation in an attempt to show the effectiveness of reality therapy among a diverse population of clients. Dr. William Glasser has used his theories to assist helping professionals in dealing with a myriad of client problems and to influence broader social issues such as education, marriage, and advocating mental health as a public health issue. He does not believe in punishment as a deterrent. Punishment is external control that can seldom be effective because people understand that they have choices and never internalize the lesson intended (Pierce, 2003). Reality therapy introduces the concept of total behavior which explains that all behavior is made up of four different but inseparable components: acting, thinking, feeling and physiology. (Glasser, 1997). According to this model of therapy, â€Å"acting and thinking are directly under our control and it is these components therapists focus on when they practice reality therapy. Focus is not on how people feel or on the physiology of their brains because none of us have direct and predictable control over these two components† (Glasser, 1997). If we want to change how we feeland almost all clients want to feel betterwe have to make more effective acting and thinking choices such as finding a friend if we are painfully lonely ( Petersen, 2005). If we find one and we are happy, this choice will also change our brain chemistry from the chemistry of loneliness, (usually the chemistry associated with choosing to depress) to the normal chemistry of satisfying our need to love and belong (Glasser, 1997; Howatt, 2003; Jones, 2005). Among the philosophical underlying principles of reality therapy are the following: â€Å"People are responsible for their own behavior; human beingsnot society, not heredity, not historydetermine their own choices; People can change and live more effective lives; People need not remain victims of external forces, neither do they need to wait for the rest of the world to change before being able to satisfy their own needs; People generate behavior and make choices for a purpose: to mold their environmentas a sculptor molds clayto match their own inner pictures (quality world) of what they want in order to satisfy the five needs described above† (Glasser, 1997). Reality therapy concentrates on the clients needs and getting them to confront the reality of the world. Client needs consist of survival, power, love, freedom, and fun. Survival includes the things that we need in order to stay alive, such as food, clothing and shelter. Power is our sense of achievement and feeling worthwhile, as well as the competitive desire to win. Love and belonging represent our social needs, to be accepted by groups, families and loved ones. Freedom is our need for our own space, a sense of independence and autonomy. Fun is our need to enjoy ourselves and seek pleasure. â€Å"We seek to fulfill these needs at all times, whether we are conscious of it or not (Glasser, 1997; Howatt, 2003; Jones, 2005; Loyd, 2005; Petersen, 2005; Pierre. 2003; Turnage et at, 2003; Wubbolding Brickell, 2004; Yaniger, 2003). Choice theory, a theory of how our brain functions that supports reality therapy, directly challenges the belief system that says we have no choice and therefore can blame others and society for our problems (Rogha, 2005). I contend that when we are unable to figure out how to satisfy one or more of the five basic needs built into our genetic structure that are the source of all human motivation, we sometimes choose to behave in ways that are currently labeled as mental illness. Moreover, choice theory explains that, not only do we choose all our unhappy behaviors, but every behavior we choose is made up of four components, one of which is how we feel as we behave (Howatt, 2003). What is common to these ineffective and unsatisfying choices, no matter what they may be, is unhappiness: there is no happiness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). When we choose a behavior that satisfies our needs, immediately or eventually, we feel good. When we choose a behavior that fails to satisfy our needs, sooner or later, we feel bad. But the choice to be unhappy is certainly not mental illness. Our society is flooded with people who are choosing anxious, fearful, depressive, obsessive, crazy, hostile, violent, addictive and withdrawn behaviors. All of them are seriously unhappy; there is no shortage of unhappy people in the world (Turnage, Jacinto, Kirven, 2003). However, many mental health practitioners reject therapy as useless or time-consuming. Mental health practitioners who strongly believe in mental illness have tunnel vision. Either they dont or won’t see the unhappy people described above a capable of helping themselves or benefiting from therapy. They see them as suffering from a mental illness i.e., brain pathology, incapable of helping themselves without drugs. In his new book, Reality Therapy in Action, 2005, Dr. Glasser describes how his use of reality therapy has helped many seriously symptomatic clients choose to function normally without the use of drugs. He is far from alone in what he does. Hundreds of thousands of symptomatic people are helped each year by psychotherapy without the use of drugs because most of the effective psychotherapy in the world is done by therapists who cannot prescribe them (Glasser, 1997).Therefore, we can fairly conclude that unhappy people need empathetic and compassionate therapists, not prescriptions. In Choice Theory, the concept of total behavior explains that all behavior is made up of four different but inseparable components: acting, thinking, feeling and physiology ( Glasser, 1997; Petersen, 2005). Acting and thinking are directly under our control and it is these components to focus on in practicing reality therapy dont focus on how people feel or on the physiology of their brains because none of us have direct and predictable control over these two components (Glasser, 1997). Almost all approaches to psychology assume that people have certain basic needs and, indeed, there is broad agreement on what these needs are (Howatt, 2003). The concept of reality therapy is based on choice theory, a systematic explanation of how the human mind works. According to choice theory, â€Å"human beings choose many of their behaviors in order to satisfy innate human needs: self-preservation or survival, belonging and love, achievement or power or inner-control, freedom or independence, and fun or enjoyment.† (Glasser, 1997; Howatt, 2001; Howatt, 2003; Jones et al., Lyod, 2005; Petersen, 2005; Pierre, 2003; Turnage et al., 2003; Wubbolding and Brickell, 2004). One of the core principles of reality therapy is that, whether we are aware of it or not, we are all the time acting to meet the above five basic needs. But we dont necessarily act effectively. One effective way to meet our need for belonging is socializing with people whether they are in our quality world or not (Howatt, 2001). Sitting in a corner and crying in the hope that people will come to us is generally an ineffective way of meeting that needit may work, but it is painful and carries a terribly high price for ourselves and others. So if life is unsatisfactory or we are distressed or in trouble, â€Å"one basic thing to check is whether or not we are succeeding in meeting our basic psychological needs for power, belonging, freedom and fun.† (Glasser, 1997). In this society the survival need is normally being met it is in how we meet the other four psychological needs that we run into trouble (Glasser, 1997). So what really drives us as social beings is our wants. We dont think of our needs as such. We think of what we want, behave to get what we want, fantasize about what we want and so on. So while a counselor in reality therapy would check out whether a client is meeting his or her needs the three basic questions that are asked are: (1.) What do you want?, (2.) What are you doing to get what you want?, and (3.) Is it working? †¦ (Glasser, 2005) At the very heart of Glassers Choice Theory is the idea that the only person I can really control is me. If I think I can control others I am moving in the direction of frustration. If I think others can control me (and so are to blame for all that goes on in my life) I tend to do nothing and again head toward frustration. There may indeed be things that happen to us and for which we are not personally responsible but we can choose what we do about these things. Trying to control other people is a game, from the point of view of Reality Therapy. â€Å"It is a never-ending battle, alienates us from others and causes endless pain and frustration† (Glasser, 1997). This begs the question, isn’t this why it is vital to stick to what is in our own control to do and to respect the right of other people to meet their needs? Exactly! Reality therapy does visit the past but probably to a lesser extent than those who use other theories. This is not a criticism of those who use other counseling/psychological theory’s, it is simply a way in which this therapeutic approach is different. Dr. Glasser’s counseling model adheres to the principles of teaching clients strategies that take control of their lives, in a manner that makes sense as to where they are. Not surprisingly, â€Å"when clients are able to understand and accept internal locus of control, total behavior, organized behaviors, wants vs. needs, comparing places, and the feedback loop, their chances for a healthy recovery are greater.† (Glasser, 1997; Howatt, 2003). Not only are the bad things that happened to us there but our successes are there too. The focus of the practitioner of Reality Therapy is to learn what needs to be learned about the past but to move as quickly as feasible to empowering the client to satisfy his or her needs and wants in the present and in the future (Glasser, 1997). This is because it is our present perceptions that influence our present behavior and so it is these faulty perceptions that the Reality Therapy practitioner helps the client to work through. In conclusion, Reality therapy teaches clients choice theory. Moreover, this counseling model asserts that because behavior is chosen, abdicating personal responsibility, or blaming others or society for problems is unacceptable (Petersen, 2005). According to all I have read it is very much a therapy of hope, based on the conviction that we are all products of the past. Accepting that we are products of our prospective pasts we do not have to focus on the past and continue being its victims. We can, of course, get an instant sense of control from alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine and some other drugs. Unfortunately, our lives are never more out of control than when we are drunk or drugged. There are very few people in this world who ever woke up with a hangover to find that they had fewer problems than they had when they started drinking the night before. Excessive drinking and the use of drugs have to be replaced by doing something elseand that something else has to have a fair chance of getting us what we want in life. After extensive reading and research, I can safely summarize that many counselors/therapists working with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), addiction, anger management, anxiety, depression, domestic violence, mental disorders, pain therapy, substance abuse, and recovery have found this approach useful. Consequently, it is unrealistic to state emphatically that Reality Therapy works for all clients, because it obviously does not. I really like this counseling model because it is effectively altered my personal perception of behavior. The quote, â€Å"keep doing what you’re doing, keep getting what you’re getting† (Vitatoe, 2005) was/is very powerful for me as an individual and a professional. Moreover, it is a very effective counseling model for addictive behaviors and helping certain clients deal with the â€Å"here and now† of their daily lives. References Glasser, W. (1997), Choice theory and student success, Education Digest, 63, 3, p.16, 6p Howatt, W. (2001), The evolution of reality therapy to choice theory. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 21(2), 7-11 Howatt, W. (2003), Choice theory: A core addiction recovery tool, International Journal of Reality Therapy, 22(2), 12-14 Jones, L. Parish, T. (2005), Ritalin vs. choice theory and reality therapy, International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXV, 1, 34-35 Loyd, B.(2005), The effects of reality therapy/choice theory on high school students’ perception of needs, satisfaction and behavioral change, International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXV, 1, 5-9 Peterson, C. (2005), Reality therapy and individual or adlerian psychology: A comparison, International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXIV, 2, 11-14 Pierre, J. (2003), Mindfulness based reality therapy (MRT), International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXIII, 2, 20-23 Turnage, B., Jacinoto, G., Kirven, J.(2003), Reality therapy, domestic violence survivors, and self-forgiveness, International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXII, 1, 7-11 Wubbolding, R. Brickell, J. (2004), Role play and the art of teaching choice theory, reality therapy, and lead management, International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXII, 2, 41-43 Yaniger, B. (2003), Self-evaluation of quality choice in reality therapy, International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXI, 2, 4-10 Research Papers on Reality TherapyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

History Research Paper (1861-1992) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History (1861-1992) - Research Paper Example The movie is not simply just a tug-of-war of power and control, it imitates and recreates the idea of the men-versus-women situation within the society. It is also captures one of the most controversial traits, the passion to become free from control and authority. The movie clearly shows the different types of people within the society and it is strange to think that a mental institution can be likened to what is happening within the society. Mental institutions are full of insane people, does this mean that society may be full of insane people trying to fight the authority of those who rule and to create a sense of freedom within the bounds of the laws set by the people in power? Birds represent freedom, and looking at the title alone, we believe that’s what it implies, that it is a movie about freedom. Looking at the nature of the main characters of the nurses and the patients, we see that it may be a glimpse of the society at work not a depiction of the mental ward. The mo vie, released in the sixties, at the height of an anti-authoritarian counterculture spirit gave the society an insight of who we were at the time. Or better yet, it gave an insight of how the society moved towards to when it comes to facing authority, control and power. Not a soul wants to be tied down, or bound against his freedom. This is the movie’s focal point. The plot of the movie does not focus on one character rather it focuses on the situation within the mental institution. Jack Nicholson, who is rather an unconventional type of patient, represented the changing force within the mental institution. He was the force that created a stir within the institution, primarily because of the fact that he was not clinically insane as the other characters. He does exhibit a certain madness but he is not one of the psychologically imbalanced patients typical within a mental institution. His only madness was his desire to be out of the prison, that he chose another type of prison , the mental institution, which he believed was better than a criminal prison. This indicates a stereotype of mental institutions, where patients are treated well to become better or to come out of their madness. It is an interesting perspective that people outside of the mental institution believe that it is a hospital where there is comfort, when clearly the patients are not in comfort of what they are experiencing either because of their insanity or the pressure to become sane. It shows then that it is an interesting comparison to view a mental institution as a social institution, which may inhibit the freedom of a person. The mental institution in the movie is similar to the society. There are the nurses and doctors, who have the authority and power similar to the ruling class or the government officials, to declare the laws within the institution. How can they be similar? The movie shows, in the representation of Nurse Ratched, that there is supposed to be someone looking over and looking out for the people within the institution. She determines whether the patient is behaving incorrectly or not. This is similar to how the society is run by the government. If an individual breaks a law, he is fined or sent to prison, very similar to a patient being sent for a shock treatment to

Health Promotion in Hillfields Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Promotion in Hillfields - Assignment Example Impact assessment can be a very suitable and feasible method of evaluation of lifestyle and health outcomes as a result of social policy and planning interventions. It is defined as a method through which identification of the consequences of a social health intervention, current or proposed can be accomplished (Mindell and Joffe, 2003). Most of such interventions are designed as a project or a programme guided by policies. The process of impact assessment determines its viability, acceptability, and sustainability (Lock and McKee, 2005). In this assignment, the profiling of Hillfields has been presented. Hiilfields is a suburban area of Coventry in England, located north of the Coventry City Centre. Since postwar times, this area has undergone several changes. The development of health was a concern as the town started developing beyond its limits. Since 1849, the health of this area was the responsibility of the Local Board of Health. Since this locality was building postwar, this was one of the localities for new houses and villas, which led to considerable expansion of the geographical limits of this area. It is to be noted that from the beginning there was a tradition of high standard of living in the locality of Hillfields in comparison to the slums of Coventry. The motor industry started to flourish, and as of now, there were 20 motor industries in the locality, and since 1930s, Singer became the largest manufacturer with operations at 5 locations. World War II saw deterioration, and housing was the area that was hot in a big way. Town and Country Planning act 1944, declared the locality to be an area of comprehensive development since more than half of the houses were unfit to be used. The 1960s saw redevelopment of the area with proper planning of housing and development (Hillfields Health Development Project). Although tower blocks had been made, now there is a programme to modernise and change the existing older houses. Although residents had been provided with a budget for improving environment and housing, the area of need is still under development. The grants are now only restricted to those who need them most. This in itself is a point of need, and there are still deficits in housing and environment, which need to be worked on. Housing is a broader consequence of lifestyle that needs to be evaluated prospectively, retrospectively and concurrently, and it has impact on life style and health outcomes. Thus there is a need for concrete social policy and planning interventions since problems with housing given its growing population in Hillfields may affect the health of the population (Kemm, 2001). The industry around Hillfields decides is economy, but current data states that Hillfields has a slightly higher rate of employment deprivation that the city average. Even now, this area was considered to be one of the red light areas. Law enforcement keeps a constant watch over this issue, and now the scope of sex working has constricted considerably. The health of Hillfields is guided by Hillfields Health Action Group. They meet on a monthly basis in the community venues with the aim of providing supports for all health initiatives that the local projects can deliver. On closer examination, people in Hillfields die 8 years younger than the other affluent localities.

The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs Essay

The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs - Essay Example This "The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs" essay outlines the effect that drug's advertisement has. Seeing these kinds of commercials not only convince the watcher that they are sick, but that they must get themselves medicated before they waste any more time in their suddenly felt misery. "The best contributions to such debates [regarding the extent of influence the media has over the public] suggest the complex, negotiated and often indirect nature of media influence, but of one thing there can be no doubt; the media do have an influence" Hesmondhalgh 3). By playing on the already weakened state of the viewer who is experiencing any of these symptoms, advertisements such as this are unethically misleading about the cause of their suffering as well as the instantaneous results they will experience once medicated. By encouraging people to talk to their doctor about taking this drug, the advertisers for Paxil give the viewer the impression that they are more informed about their illness and its potential treatments than their doctor. Rather than openly acknowledge the symptoms listed may be caused by a number of factors, this information is read through quickly, if at all, during the 30 second segment of disclaimers and identified risk factors associated with the drug. â€Å"The average person cannot adequately research all the scientific studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. Patients, therefore, find themselves requesting prescription drugs based on advertisements with little knowledge of all the relevant medical information†. ... "The best contributions to such debates [regarding the extent of influence the media has over the public] suggest the complex, negotiated and often indirect nature of media influence, but of one thing there can be no doubt; the media do have an influence" Hesmondhalgh 3). By playing on the already weakened state of the viewer who is experiencing any of these symptoms, advertisements such as this are unethically misleading about the cause of their suffering as well as the instantaneous results they will experience once medicated. By encouraging people to talk to their doctor about taking this drug, the advertisers for Paxil give the viewer the impression that they are more informed about their illness and its potential treatments than their doctor. Rather than openly acknowledge the symptoms listed may be caused by a number of factors, this information is read through quickly, if at all, during the 30 second segment of disclaimers and identified risk factors associated with the drug. â€Å"The average person cannot adequately research all the scientific studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. Patients, therefore, find themselves requesting prescription drugs based on advertisements with little knowledge of all the relevant medical information† (ProCon, 2010). At the same time, this advertisement wears away at the viewer’s trust in their medical professional, particularly when they see corresponding promotional material in the doctor’s office. â€Å"Patients seeing prescription drug ads can lose trust in doctors and the medical establishment when it seems that the medical community (including pharmaceutical companies) is more interested in taking

Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay

Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay Wikipedia, The traditional filing system is a method of storing and arranging computer files and the information in the file. Basically it organizes these files into a database for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computers operating system. For this method, a file name is assigned to a file in order to secure storage location in the computer memory or data storage devices such as hard disks or CD-ROMs are used to maintain the physical location of the files. By this file name a file can be further accessed. Whether the file system has an underlying storage device or not, file systems typically have directories which associate file names with files, usually by connecting the file name to an index in a file allocation table. A new concept for file management is the concept of a database-based file system. Files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file, topic, author, etc (DBMS) consists of software that operates databases, providing storage, access, security, backup and other facilities. This system can be categorized according to the database model and the type of computer that they support such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language(s) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or others. Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these categories, e.g., supporting multiple query languages. Meanwhile database management systems are usually accessed in a client-server manner, where the database client and the server are located on different machines (in a local area network). Both systems deal with information management. File-based System File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users, such as updating, insertion, deletion adding new files to database etc. Each program defines and manages its data. When a computer user wants to store data electronically they must do so by placing data in files. Files are stored in specific locations on the hard disk (directories). The user can create new files to place data in, delete a file that contains data, rename the file, etc which is known as file management; a function provided by the Operating System (OS). Advantages of traditional file based system Disadvantages of traditional file based system No need of external storage Provides less security. No need of a highly technical person to handle the database. Redundancy is more. Processing speed is high as compared to DBMS Less integrity. High complexity in updating of database. Table 1.1.1 Database Management System The improvement of the File-Based System (FBS) was the Database Management System (DBMS) which came up in the 60s. The Database Management System removed the trouble of manually locating data, and having to go through it. The user could create a suitable structure for the data beforehand, to place the information in the database that the DBMS is managing. Hence, the physical organizing of files is done away with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input. A database is a collection of interrelated information stored in a database server; these data will be stored in the form of tables. The primary aim of database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner. Advantages Control of data redundancy Although the database approach does not remove redundancy completely, it controls the amount of redundancy in the database. Data consistency By removing or controlling redundancy, the database approach reduces the risk of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are kept consistent. More information from the same amount of data With the amalgamation of the operated data, it is possible to derive additional information for the same data. Sharing of data Database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. Improved data integrity Database integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Improved security Provides protection of data from unauthorized users. It will require user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion. Enforcement of standards The integration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Economy of scale Cost savings can be obtained by combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data. Balance of conflicting requirements By having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather than for an individual person. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness By having integration in the database approach, data accessing can cross departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users. Increased productivity The database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions allow the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development. Improved maintenance Provides data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance. Increased concurrency Database can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not result any loss of information or loss of integrity. Improved backing and recovery services Modern database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a failure by using the transaction approach. Disadvantages Complexity A difficult software. All users must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. Therefore, training for the administrators, designers and users is required. Size Uses a substantial amount of main memory as well as large amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently. Cost of DBMS A multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high regular annual maintenance cost on the software. Cost of conversion When moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost. Performance As the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before. Higher impact of a failure Increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously. The difference between TFS and DBMS Balajee B. (2005), There are number of characteristics that differ from traditional file management system to database management system. In file system approach, each user implements the required files for a specific application to run. (Example: in a sales department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of the number of sales personnel in that department and their grades. These details will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Another user will maintain the salary details of these sales personnel and the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users need the data of the salespersons, they will be having their details in separate files and they need different programs to operate their files.) When such data is isolated in separate files, it is difficult to access data that should be available for both users. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or replication of data, which may lead to c onfusion, as sharing of data among various users is not possible and data inconsistency may occur. These files will not be having any inter-relationship among the data stored in these files. Therefore in traditional file processing every user will be defining their own constraints and implement the files according to their needs. In database approach, a single store of data is maintained that is defined once and then accessed by many users, as database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. The essential characteristic of database approach is that the database system not only contains data but it contains complete definition or description of the database structure and control. These definitions are stored in a system catalog, which contains the information about the structure and definitions of the database. The information stored in the catalog is called the metadata, it describes the primary database. Hence this approach will work on any type of database for example, insurance database, Airlines, banking database, Finance details, and Enterprise information database. But in traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only. But the processing speed in TFS is high compared to DBMS. The other main characteristic of the database is that it will allow multiple users to access the database at the same time and sharing of data is possible. The database must include concurrency control software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data at the same time, it should maintain in a controlled manner. In file system approach many programmers will be creating files over a long period and various files have different format, in various application languages, where duplication of data can occur. This redundancy in storing same data multiple times leads to higher costs and wastage of space. This may result in data inconsistency in the application; this is because update is done to some of the files only and not all of the files. Moreover in database approach multiple views can be created; External view User/Application view, Conceptual view Logical view, Internal view Details about the structure of data and physical storage of information. View is a tailored representation of information contained in one or more tables. View is also called as Virtual table because view does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space. A multi-user database whose users have variety of applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views. In traditional file system, if any changes are made to the structure of the files it will affect all the programs. Therefore, changes to the structure of a file will require to change all programs that access the file and whereby data dependence will be lost. But in the case of database approach the structure of the database is stored separately in the system catalog from the access of the application programs. This property is known as program-data independence. Database can also be used for continuous storage for program objects and data structures that resulted in object oriented database approach. Traditional systems suffered from impedance mismatch problem and difficulty in accessing the data, which is avoided in object oriented database system. Database can be used to represent complex relationships among data as well as to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently. Hence DBMS does not automatically remove redundancies, but help to control redundancy. It is possible to define and enforce integrity constraints for the data stored in the database. The database also provides facilities for recovering hardware and software failures, as it has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures. It reduces the application development time considerably when compared to the file system approach and availability of up-to-date information of all the users. It also provides security to the data stored in the database system and maintains integrity. A highly technical person will be required to handle the database, while for TFS, it is not so. File-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports have to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. DBMS has data independence. The way information is stored and the way information issued is independent of each other. File-based systems also give tremendous pressure on data processing staff, with users complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in meeting their demands. Documentation may be limited and maintenance of the system is difficult. Provision for security, integrity and recovery capability is very limited. Whereas, DBMS has control over security as it provides tools such as use of User Code, Password / Privileges and Roles to ensure security of data. Data, Field, Record, and File are the main components of Database environment. Briefly explain those. Data Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), Distinct pieces of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store adminis trative information, known as metadata. Field Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells. Most fields have certain attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual; some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name. In database management systems, a field can be required, optional, or calculated. A required field is one in which you must enter data, while an optional field is one you may leave blank. A calculated field is one whose value is derived from some formula involving other fields. You do not enter data into a calculated field; the system automatically determines the correct value. A collection of fields is called a record. Record Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. In relational database management systems, records are called tuples. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. Figure 1.2.1 Source Author Anon., File Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text. What is the Importance of DBMS in a Defense Organization and in an Education Department? Defence Organization Benjamin (n.d.), A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computers of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. As organizations develop with time, their adoption to the latest technologies in the computer field becomes a necessity. A Defence organization is no different. In these turbulent times, when national security is more important, providing all Defence personnel with access to the latest technology and education opportunities not only directly contributes to Defence capability but also improve the defence personnels career development. Hence the importance of a DBMS in such an organization like Defence is vital. Because Database administrators could use this system to configure and operate databases as the software provides high level, privileged database access. But the management should restrict use of this software to authorized personnel. One function of the database administrator is to create particular views of information stored in the database that are unique for each type of user. For example, one officer will have a different view of information in the database than another, say Senior officer. The different user groups will also have different abilities to add, modify, or delete information. The database administrator is responsible for providing users with access to the appropriate level of information. The primary risk associated with database administration is that an administrator can alter sensitive data without those modifications being detected. A secondary risk is that an administrator can change access rights to information stored within the database as well as their own access rights. Database security is the last line of defence. So it deserves greater focus on the protection of private data from both internal and external. The sensitivity and classification of the information stored in the database form the basis for establishing controls. A database that stores confidential information may require a more significant control environment than a database that stores non-sensitive information. Management should consider the security and performance implications of the security options available with modern database management systems. Database security professionals and information security and risk management professionals could adopt a security strategy in DBMS to: 1) Align database security policies with information security policies; 2) Ensure well-defined and formalized database security procedures; 3) Enforce role separation; and 4) Apply advanced security measures such as database auditing, monitoring, database encryption, data masking, and vulnerability assessment to all critical databases that store private data. The DBMS can provide long-term benefits for the Defence organization reducing duplication of data and making it easier for HR to update personnel records. If not for DBMS, each time there was a personnel change, trainers would have to go through their entire content to make the necessary changes. Now, replacing Brigadier Xs picture in the content library with Commodore Ys picture can be automatically replicated through all relevant programs. Thereby reduce its expenditure on storage. But, initial training will be required for all programmers and users. Even though database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design, there is greater data integrity and independence from applications programs and Education Department Sue Bushell (2004), To improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology eLearning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process. E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations. E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online. As per wikipedia.org, the worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over $48 billion US according to conservative estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key sectors of the e-learning industry. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have broad meaning if e-learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national interpretation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation. E-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training There are many advantages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. There are a few disadvantages as well. Advantages of eLearning (Anon., n.d) E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. Cost effective E-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and money is spent traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic location and there are no travel expenses, this type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute.   Flexibility Flexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere. Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week.   Learners  like e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles.  They have the advantage of learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to many different learning styles. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they hold a job, they can participate in eLearning right at their desk. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available while in their pajamas and do the learning if they desire.   Personalized learning E-learning encourages students to peruse through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web.  Learners are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows selection of  learning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more effectively in an activity.   E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized to meet the individual needs of the learners. Develops knowledge E-learning helps develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners throughout their careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidence Disadvantages of eLearning Access One disadvantage of eLearning is that learners need to have access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs such as word processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for the  learner to succeed in eLearning.   E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and give up.   Software and files Another disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files, software comfortability and learning new software, including e-learning. For learners with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized.  The lesson points you to download a file which the learner does and later cannot find the file. The file is downloaded to the folder the computer automatically opens to rather than a folder  chosen by the learner. This file may be lost or misplaced to the learner without good computer organizational skills. High motivation E-learning also requires time to complete especially those with assignments and interactive collaborations. This means that students have to be highly motivated and responsible because all the work they do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may not complete modules and may fall behind Isolation Another disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feel isolated and unsupported while learning. Instructions are not always available to help the learner so learners need to have discipline to work independently without assistance. E-learners may also become bored with no interaction with instructors or classmates.   Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course activities and deadlines. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help Conclusion Today many technologies can be, and are, used in e-learning, from blogs to collaborative software, E-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms. Most e-learning situations use combinations of these techniques. Even though the hardware and software start-up are costly, the advantages are; reduced data redundancy, reducing updating errors and increased consistency, greater data integrity and independence from applications programs, improved data access to users through use of host and query languages, improved data security and availability of facilitated development of new application programs and ability for intensive research are the benefits of DBMS. Task 2 Draw an Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by the Medi Check Hospital. Produce the resulting tables of above Medi Check Hospital and clearly indicating the primary and foreign keys. Data Tables Doctor DoctorID (primary) Lname Fname Address Phone Pager Specialty Location Availability Patient PatientNo (primary) PatientFirstName PatientLastName PatientAddress PatientTelNo PatientDob PatientMaritalStatus PatientDateRegistered Appointment AppointmentNo (primary) PatientName Date/Time PatientTelNo Symptom SymptomCode (primary), SymptomName Description Treatment TreatmentTitle (primary) TreatmentType Duration Status TreatmentCost Medication MedicationNo (primary) MedicationType SideEffect Dosage Frequency Severity MedicationBrandName MedicationManufactureName MedicationManufactureAddress MedicationManufactureTel Normalize these tables to ensure that are all in BCNF. Show the steps you have taken in normalizing the tables. UNF Medication (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty, Location, Availability, PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName, PatientAddress, PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus, PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientName, Date/Time, PatientTelNo, SymptomCode, SymptomName, Description, TreatmentTitle, TreatmentTyp