Equal in the workplace for men and women Essay

First of all, I find it imperative to emphasize the characteristics that make women and men so different. It’s more than obvious that by nature’s default, women and men were given different features. In fact, people are having their own particularities that make each individual unique. Only known facts so far, but what I need to say is that these natural differences can’t be allowed to be the reason of social discrimination. And if the education system has become more and more efficient, providing women the opportunity to learn and specialize in many fields, statistics still say that the number of excellent specialists is smaller for women than for men. But we must ask ourselves why this is happening. Could women be less native gifted? Or could it be the social pressure that doesn’t allow them to express themselves? Or may the statistics research have been made by the men who do not wish to lose their supremacy? It’s difficult to answer. And even if women have better scores when it comes to school, men are always ranked better and have a higher prestige. For example, a male engineer is often more appreciated than a female engineer. Next, work is still discriminating for the two sexes, even if the discrimination is not an official one. These inequalities are also present in the private life, as women are the victims of a pervert social progress. For example, even if women are more independent in their couple life, there will be more single and divorced women due to that. One of them could be the fact that working women don’t have time for a successful private life. Another reason could be the fact that some men feel intimidated by some women’s qualities and can’t stand being inferior to them. At the same time there is a fragile compatibility between motherhood and career and the family policies that exist encourage women to give up working for a domestic way of living. This way, women find themselves forced to give up their independence. But even a family life without having children means compromise to women. It’s natural for the women who have a full-time job not to have the strength to do all that housewives do. The woman’s duties at home are more numerous than the men’s, but at the same time, the equality between women and men  force them to work the same time and way at their jobs. This situation is due to the fact that there are still a lot of men who think in the terms of the patriarchate system. There are also men who treat women socially right, but this situation isn’t quite the happiest, as they somehow forget their manners or act thinking something like: † If we’re equal and we do our own laundry, why should I hold her coat or open the door for her?!† This is also an abnormal situation. While in the first case the problem was that women were equal to men only when it came to work, in the second one the issue is about the equality that takes away women’s right of being respected as women. Women have entered the workforce and have risen in the ranks, but they still haven’t become male clones. Indeed, men and women can be just as different in the professional world as they are in their personal lives. What executives are just beginning to understand is that these differences can be great for business. Women and men are not equal in the workplace. The differences between constitutions In general, men are more interested in objects and things rather than people and feelings. They like doing things by themselves is a symbol of efficiency, power and competence. A women value love, communication, beauty and relationships. A woman’s sense of self is defined through their feelings and the quality of their relationships. They spend much time supporting, nurturing and helping each other. They experience fulfillment through sharing and relating. Opportunities for promotion I will tended to promote more men than women. I would even generally given men higher salaries. Why? Am I sexist? Do men do a better job? The answer is a resounding no to both. Actually, it is mostly women’s fault. They are too shy and simply don’t ask for raises or promotions as often as men do. Most bosses won’t fire you for saying you’d like to move ahead. Very often bosses don’t even think about who should be advanced and who shouldn’t. They’re busy juggling too many things. You have to sell them on the idea of promoting you. Gender Discrimination Although there are regulations within the workplace there is still discrimination. Women are facing discrimination in their income, unemployment and occupational distribution. Women’s salaries average only 72-88% to men’s salaries. Many types of discrimination in the workplace are partly to blame for the wage gap. Allocate discrimination describes the phenomenon that women are differentially allocated to occupations and establishments that pay lower wages. Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is a clear form of gender discrimination based on sex, a manifestation of unequal power relations between men and women. An employer forcing an employee to perform sexual favors in exchange for some reward or to avoid negative consequences. Women should not use overt sexuality to get ahead. Occasional mild flirting may have its place, but to be taken seriously, focus on business. Look professional and attractive but not sexy. The same goes for men. Guys who dress too flashily likewise aren’t taken seriously, except in the entertainment world. Women and men are equal in the workplace Equal opportunity in education In the modern world, female and male have equal opportunity for education. Therefore, the knowledge of women will not less than men even more than men. So now in the society, there have a lot of women university graduates. In the past, most of the engineers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen are men while tailors, nurses and teachers are women. The principle are does not to be change. But now they have equal opportunity for education and knowledge so the careers of engineers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen are no longer for mens’ world and women can be also as good in these occupations than men even better than men. Hence, women have an ability to complete with men in the workplace. More careful, calm and conscientious More of the employer prefer to hire women in the work, especially in calculation field because women have more careful, calm and conscientious. Most of the men are more impatient, they do not pay attention to details. As long as there is something get wrong they will feel very irritable. So man’s patience will be less than women. When you cannot deal the things calmly,  the thing will getting more complicated. Therefore, woman’s carefulness, calmness and conscientious will better than man. Mentally strong Women must have strong mental to handle their work. That is because, in the work place they need to challenge with men. They need to become a super woman to secure their ability, position and a lot of pressure from the workplace. When they go back home, they need to change their mental to become a loving mother and gentle wife. In addition to, they need to do a lot of housework and take care about their family. And they do not put any pressure to home from the workplace and do not vent pressure to their family. So women need have strong mental than men to handle it. That is why, women can equal with men in the workplace. Entrepreneurs in business Nowadays, many women have an ability to earn money and be independent in the competitive society. Women have rely on their own ability, interpersonal relationships, knowledge and effort to be a successful entrepreneurs in their own business.

Blood pressure Essay

Blood pressure (BP), sometimes referred to as arterial blood pressure, is the pressureexerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, â€Å"blood pressure† usually refers to thearterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.[1] The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart.[2] Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.[3] Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing) and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.[2] The measurement blood pressure without further specification usually refers to the systemic arterial pressure measured at a person’s upper arm and is a measure of the pressure in the brachial artery, major artery in the upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), for example 120/80. The table on the right shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older.[4] It assumes the values are a result of averaging blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor.[6][7] In the UK, blood pressures are usually categorised into three groups: low (90/60 or lower), high (140/90 or higher), and normal (values above 90/60 and below 130/80).[8][9] Normal range of blood pressure While average values for arterial pressure could be computed for any given population, there is often a large variation from person to person; arterial pressure also varies in individuals from moment to moment. Additionally, the average of any given population may have a questionable correlation with its general health; thus the relevance of such average values is equally questionable. However, in a study of 100 human subjects with no known history of hypertension, an average blood pressure of 112/64 mmHg was found,[10] which are currently classified as desirable or â€Å"normal† values. Normal values fluctuate through the 24-hour cycle, with highest readings in the afternoons and lowest readings at night.[11][12] Various factors, such as age and sex influence average values, influence a person’s average blood pressure and variations. In children, the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height.[13] As adults age, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic tends to fall.[14] In the elderly, blood pressure tends to be above the normal adult range,[15] largely because of reduced flexibility of the arteries. Also, an individual’s blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion and time of day. Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be random and average to nearly zero if enough measurements are taken. However, in a small percentage of cases there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for obstructive arterial disease.[16][17] The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.[18] In the past, hypertension was only diagnosed if secondary signs of high arterial pressure were present, along with a prolonged high systolic pressure reading over several visits. Regarding hypotension, in practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.[5] Clinical trials demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health. The principal medical debate concerns the aggressiveness and relative value of methods used to lower pressures into this range for those who do not maintain such pressure on their own. Elevations, more commonly seen in older people, though often considered normal, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Physiology There are many physical factors that influence arterial pressure. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs or alcohol, stress, obesity, and so-forth.[20] Some physical factors are: †¢ Volume of fluid or blood volume, the amount of blood that is present in the body. The more blood present in the body, the higher the rate of blood return to the heart and the resulting cardiac output. There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume, potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure, though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic nervous system response and the renin-angiotensin system.[21][22][23] †¢ Resistance. In the circulatory system, this is the resistance of the blood vessels. The higher the resistance, the higher the arterial pressure upstream from the resistance to blood flow. Resistance is related to vessel radius (the larger the radius, the lower the resistance), vessel length (the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity, as well as the smoothness of the blood vessel walls. Smoothness is reduced by the build up of fatty deposits on the arterial walls. Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the size of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) increase the size of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. Resistance, and its relation to volumetric flow rate (Q) and pressure difference between the two ends of a vessel are described by Poiseuille’s Law. †¢ Viscosity, or thickness of the fluid. If the blood gets thicker, the result is an increase in arterial pressure. Certain medical conditionscan change the viscosity of the blood. For instance, anemia (low red blood cell concentration), reduces viscosity, whereas increased red blood cell concentration increases viscosity. It had been thought that aspirin and related â€Å"blood thinner† drugs decreased the viscosity of blood, but instead studies found[24] that they act by reducing the tendency of the blood to clot. In practice, each individual’s autonomic nervous system responds to and regulates all these interacting factors so that, although the above issues are important, the actual arterial pressure response of a given individual varies widely because of both split-second and slow-moving responses of the nervous system and end organs. These responses are very effective in changing the variables and resulting blood pressure from moment to moment. Moreover, blood pressure is the result of cardiac output increased by peripheral resistance: blood pressure = cardiac output Xperipheral resistance. As a result, an abnormal change in blood pressure is often an indication of a problem affecting the heart’s output, the blood vessels’ resistance, or both. Thus, knowing the patient’s blood pressure is critical to assess any pathology related to output and resistance. Mean arterial pressure The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP),[25] Curve of the arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of thecardiac output, i.e. the heartbeat. The pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of thestroke volume of the heart, compliance (ability to expand) of the aorta, and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree. By expanding under pressure, the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood surge from the heart during a heartbeat. In this way, the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta wasn’t compliant.[26] The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients. The pulse pressure can be simply calculated from the difference of the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,[26] Arm–leg gradient The arm–leg (blood pressure) gradient is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mmHg,[27] but may be increased in e.g. coarctation of the aorta.[27] Vascular resistance The larger arteries, including all large enough to see without magnification, are conduits with low vascular resistance (assuming no advanced atherosclerotic changes) with high flow rates that generate only small drops in pressure. The smaller arteries and arterioles have higher resistance, and confer the main drop in blood pressure along the circulatory system. Vascular pressure wave Modern physiology developed the concept of the vascular pressure wave (VPW). This wave is created by the heart during the systoleand originates in the ascending aorta. Much faster than the stream of blood itself, it is then transported through the vessel walls to the peripheral arteries. There the pressure wave can be palpated as the peripheral pulse. As the wave is reflected at the peripheral veins, it runs back in a centripetal fashion. When the reflected wave meets the next outbound pressure wave, the pressure inside the vessel rises higher than the pressure in the aorta. This concept explains why the arterial pressure inside the peripheral arteries of the legs and arms is higher than the arterial pressure in the aorta,[28][29][30] and in turn for the higher pressures seen at the ankle compared to the arm with normal ankle brachial pressure index values. Regulation The endogenous regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized: †¢ Baroreceptor reflex: Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem, specifically to the Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The medulla, by way of the autonomic nervous system, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart’s contractions, as well as the total peripheral resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and rightcarotid sinuses and in the aortic arch.[31] †¢ Renin-angiotensin system (RAS): This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictorknown as angiotensin II. †¢ Aldosterone release: This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassiumlevels. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis, aldosterone will increase fluid retention, and indirectly, arterial pressure. †¢ Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones (mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase inblood volume results an increased cardiac output by the Frank–Starling law of the heart, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure. These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. Currently, the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertensionbecause if blocked, individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting. Measurement A medical student checking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure.[32] Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not use mercury. For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cyclewhen the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHgsystolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken [in the US and UK] as â€Å"one-twenty over eighty†). Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.[33] Measuring pressure invasively, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting. Noninvasive The noninvasive auscultatory and oscillometric measurements are simpler and quicker than invasive measurements, require less expertise, have virtually no complications, are less unpleasant and less painful for the patient. However, noninvasive methods may yield somewhat lower accuracy and small systematic differences in numerical results. Noninvasive measurement methods are more commonly used for routine examinations and monitoring. [edit]Palpation A minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by palpation, most often used in emergency situations, but should be used with caution.[34] It has been estimated that, using 50% percentiles, carotid, femoral and radial pulses are present in patients with a systolic blood pressure > 70 mmHg, carotid and femoral pulses alone in patients with systolic blood pressure of > 50 mmHg, and only a carotid pulse in patients with a systolic blood pressure of > 40 mmHg.[34] A more accurate value of systolic blood pressure can be obtained with a sphygmomanometer and palpating the radial pulse.[35] The diastolic blood pressure cannot be estimated by this method.[36] The American Heart Association recommends that palpation be used to get an estimate before using the auscultatory method. Auscultatory Auscultatory method aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope Mercury manometer The auscultatory method (from the Latin word for â€Å"listening†) uses a stethoscope and asphygmomanometer. This comprises an inflatable (Riva-Rocci) cuff placed around the upperarm at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or aneroidmanometer. The mercury manometer, considered the gold standard, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration and, consequently, not subject to the errors and drift of calibration which affect other methods. The use of mercury manometers is often required in clinical trials and for the clinical measurement of hypertension in high-risk patients, such as pregnant women. A cuff of appropriate size is fitted smoothly and snugly, then inflated manually by repeatedly squeezing a rubber bulb until the artery is completely occluded. Listening with the stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. When blood just starts to flow in the artery, the turbulent flow creates a â€Å"whooshing† or pounding (first Korotkoff sound). The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until no sound can be heard (fifth Korotkoff sound), at the diastolic arterial pressure. The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.[37] Oscillometric The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure[38] which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse.[39] The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. It uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic pressure sensor (transducer) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy. Oscillometric measurement requires less skill than the auscultatory technique and may be suitable for use by untrained staff and for automated patient home monitoring. The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure and then reduced to below diastolic pressure over a period of about 30 seconds. When blood flow is nil (cuff pressure exceeding systolic pressure) or unimpeded (cuff pressure below diastolic pressure), cuff pressure will be essentially constant. It is essential that the cuff size is correct: undersized cuffs may yield too high a pressure; oversized cuffs yield too low a pressure. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery, i.e., it will oscillate. The values of systolic and diastolic pressure are computed, not actually measured from the raw data, using an algorithm; the computed results are displayed. Oscillometric monitors may produce inaccurate readings in patients with heart and circulation problems, which include arterial sclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus. In practice the different methods do not give identical results; an algorithm and experimentally obtained coefficients are used to adjust the oscillometric results to give readings which match the auscultatory results as well as possible. Some equipment uses computer-aided analysis of the instantaneous arterial pressure waveform to determine the systolic, mean, and diastolic points. Since many oscillometric devices have not been validated, caution must be given as most are not suitable in clinical and acute care settings. The term NIBP, for non-invasive blood pressure, is often used to describe oscillometric monitoring equipment. Continuous noninvasive techniques (CNAP) Continuous Noninvasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP) is the method of measuring arterial blood pressure in real-time without any interruptions and without cannulating the human body. CNAP combines the advantages of the following two clinical â€Å"gold standards†: it measures blood pressure continuously in real-time like the invasive arterial catheter system and it is noninvasive like the standard upper arm sphygmomanometer. Latest developments in this field show promising results in terms of accuracy, ease of use and clinical acceptance. Non-occlusive techniques: the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) principle Since the 90s a novel family of techniques based on the so-called Pulse wave velocity (PWV) principle have been developed. These techniques rely on the fact that the velocity at which an arterial pressure pulse travels along the arterial tree depends, among others, on the underlying blood pressure.[40] Accordingly, after a calibration maneuver, these techniques provide indirect estimates of blood pressure by translating PWV values into blood pressure values.[41] The main advantage of these techniques is that it is possible to measure PWV values of a subject continuously (beat-by-beat), without medical supervision, and without the need of inflating brachial cuffs. PWV-based techniques are still in the research domain and are not adapted to clinical settings. White-coat hypertension For some patients, blood pressure measurements taken in a doctor’s office may not correctly characterize their typical blood pressure.[42] In up to 25% of patients, the office measurement is higher than their typical blood pressure. This type of error is calledwhite-coat hypertension (WCH) and can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional.[43] The misdiagnosis of hypertension for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. WCH can be reduced (but not eliminated) with automated blood pressure measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a quiet part of the office or clinic.[44] Debate continues regarding the significance of this effect.[citation needed] Some reactive patients will react to many other stimuli throughout their daily lives and require treatment. In some cases a lower blood pressure reading occurs at the doctor’s office.[45] Home monitoring Ambulatory blood pressure devices that take readings every half hour throughout the day and night have been used for identifying and mitigating measurement problems like white-coat hypertension. Except for sleep, home monitoring could be used for these purposes instead of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.[46] Home monitoring may be used to improve hypertension management and to monitor the effects of lifestyle changes and medication related to blood pressure.[6] Compared to ambulatory blood pressure measurements, home monitoring has been found to be an effective and lower cost alternative,[46][47][48] but ambulatory monitoring is more accurate than both clinic and home monitoring in diagnosing hypertension. Ambulatory monitoring is recommended for most patients before the start of antihypertensive drugs.[49] Aside from the white-coat effect, blood pressure readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the majority of people. The studies that looked into the risks from hypertension and the benefits of lowering blood pressure in affected patients were based on readings in a clinical environment. When measuring blood pressure, an accurate reading requires that one not drink coffee, smoke cigarettes, or engage in strenuous exercise for 30 minutes before taking the reading. A full bladder may have a small effect on blood pressure readings; if the urge to urinate arises, one should do so before the reading. For 5 minutes before the reading, one should sit upright in a chair with one’s feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed. The blood pressure cuff should always be against bare skin, as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate. During the reading, the arm that is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level, for example by resting it on a table.[50] Since blood pressure varies throughout the day, measurements intended to monitor changes over longer time frames should be taken at the same time of day to ensure that the readings are comparable. Suitable times are: †¢ immediately after awakening (before washing/dressing and taking breakfast/drink), while the body is still resting, †¢ immediately after finishing work. Automatic self-contained blood pressure monitors are available at reasonable prices, some of which are capable of Korotkoff’s measurement in addition to oscillometric methods, enabling irregular heartbeat patients to accurately measure their blood pressure at home. Invasive Arterial blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively through an arterial line. Invasive arterial pressure measurement with intravascular cannulae involves direct measurement of arterial pressure by placing a cannula needle in an artery (usually radial, femoral,dorsalis pedis or brachial). The cannula must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. The advantage of this system is that pressure is constantly monitored beat-by-beat, and a waveform (a graph of pressure against time) can be displayed. This invasive technique is regularly employed in human and veterinary intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes. Cannulation for invasive vascular pressure monitoring is infrequently associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, andbleeding. Patients with invasive arterial monitoring require very close supervision, as there is a danger of severe bleeding if the line becomes disconnected. It is generally reserved for patients where rapid variations in arterial pressure are anticipated. Invasive vascular pressure monitors are pressure monitoring systems designed to acquire pressure information for display and processing. There are a variety of invasive vascular pressure monitors for trauma, critical care, and operating room applications. These include single pressure, dual pressure, and multi-parameter (i.e. pressure / temperature). The monitors can be used for measurement and follow-up of arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, right atrial, femoral arterial, umbilical venous, umbilical arterial, and intracranial pressures. Fetal blood pressure Further information: Fetal circulation#Blood pressure In pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mother’s heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[51] The average blood pressure for full-term infants: Systolic 65–95 mm Hg Diastolic 30–60 mm Hg[52] Blood pressure is the measurement of force that is applied to the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.[53] The human circulatory system is 400,000 miles long, and the magnitude of blood pressure is not uniform in all the blood vessels in the human body. The blood pressure is determined by the diameter, flexibility and the amount of blood being pumped through the blood vessel.[53] Blood pressure is also affected by other factors including exercise, stress level, diet and sleep. The average normal blood pressure in the brachial artery, which is the next direct artery from the aorta after the subclavian artery, is 120mmHg/80mmHg. Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using sphygmomanometer. Two pressures are measured and recorded namely as systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure reading is the first reading, which represents the maximum exerted pressure on the vessels when the heart contracts, while the diastolic pressure, the second reading, represents the minimum pressure in the vessels when the heart relaxes.[54] Other major arteries have similar levels of blood pressure recordings indicating very low disparities among major arteries. The innominate artery, the average reading is 110/70mmHg, the right subclavian artery averages 120/80 and the abdominal aorta is 110/70mmHg.[55] The relatively uniform pressure in the arteries indicate that these blood vessels act as a pressure reservoir for fluids that are transported within them. Pressure drops gradually as blood flows from the major arteries, through the arterioles, the capillaries until blood is pushed up back into the heart via the venules, the veins through the vena cava with the help of the muscles. At any given pressure drop, the flow rate is determined by the resistance to the blood flow. In the arteries, with the absence of diseases, there is very little or no resistance to blood. The vessel diameter is the most principal determinant to control resistance. Compared to other smaller vessels in the body, the artery has a much bigger diameter (4mm), therefore the resistance is low.[55] In addition, flow rate (Q) is also the product of the cross-sectional area of the vessel and the average velocity (Q = AV). Flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop in a tube or in this case a vessel. ∆P ÃŽ ± Q. The relationship is further described by Poisseulle’s equation ∆P = 8 µlQ/Ï€r4.[56] As evident in the Poisseulle’s equation, although flow rate is proportional to the pressure drop, there are other factors of blood vessels that contribute towards the difference in pressure drop in bifurcations of blood vessels. These include viscosity, length of the vessel, and radius of the vessel. Factors that determine the flow’s resistance as described by Poiseuille’s relationship: †¢ ∆P: pressure drop/gradient †¢  µ: viscosity †¢ l: length of tube. In the case of vessels with infinitely long lengths, l is replaced with diameter of the vessel. †¢ Q: flow rate of the blood in the vessel †¢ r: radius of the vessel Assuming steady, laminar flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe. For instance if p1 and p2 are pressures are at the ends of the tube, the pressure drop/gradient is:[57] In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in pressure. The more bifurcations, the higher the total cross-sectional area, therefore the pressure across the surface drops. This is why the arterioles have the highest pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product of flow rate and resistance: ∆P=Q xresistance. The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the ∆P is a result of a smaller radius of about 30  µm.[58] The smaller the radius of a tube, the larger the resistance to fluid flow. Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic obvserved in the arterioles, we expect the blood pressure to be lower in the capillaries compared to the arterioles. Since pressure is a function of force per unit area, (P = F/A), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an external force acts on it. Though the radii of the capillaries are very small, the network of capillaries have the largest surface area in the vascular network. They are known to have the largest surface area (485mm) in the human vascular network. The larger the total cross-sectional area, the lower the mean velocity as well as the pressure.[55] Reynold’s number also affects the blood flow in capillaries. Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynold’s number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.[59] The Reynold’s number (denoted NR or Re) is a relationship that helps determine the behavior of a fluid in a tube, in this case blood in the vessel. The equation for this dimensionless relationship is written as:[56] †¢ Ï : density of the blood †¢ v: mean velocity of the blood †¢ L: characteristic dimension of the vessel, in this case diameter †¢ ÃŽ ¼: viscosity of blood The Reynold’s number is directly proportional to the velocity and diameter of the tube. Note that NR is directly proportional to the mean velocity as well as the diameter. A Reynold’s number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is characterized as chaotic and irregular flow.[56] Disorders Disregulation disorders of blood pressure control include high blood pressure, blood pressure that is too low, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation. High Main article: Hypertension Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure. Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, for examplehypertensive emergency. All levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks,heart failure and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated.[60] In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see the article on pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (

Project Planning & Control - Project Management Coursework

Project Planning & Control - Project Management - Coursework Example The EAC project is viable and is likely to run into specific risks that are not easy to factor into the project management. The same applies with the possible opportunities the project is likely to meet in its course. As such, the Gantt chart will lack the two figures, which are vital since the project managers must always be on the outlook for either the risks or opportunities since they both influence the success of the project. Risks and opportunities are uncertain factors often considered by project managers but they cannot factor in either in the project (Roeser, 2013). The uncertainties in the two arise from the magnitude and nature of their effects on the project. As such, project managers can only anticipate risks and handle them based on the prevailing factors. In retrospect, project management requires a degree of versatility in order to enable the project managers consider the two factors and change the nature of the project based on the influence of either the risks or the opportunities they face at various stages. The Gantt charts alongside show project process. They illustrate the project schedule as different activities occur at various stages. In doing this, he charts show the relationship among the activities. Key among the activities shown in the chart is project preparation and the WBS activities. Additionally, the charts portray the computation of both the pessimistic and optimistic showing their expected start and end

Introduction to Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Political Science - Essay Example After the Civil Rights legislation, they could now study with the whites in the same schools. A third case is where the African Americans could now dine in the same hotels with the whites. It was after the efforts of African American scholars from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College that the Civil Rights law of the 60’s implemented that all restaurants would serve all races. These four students were Jibreel Khazan, Joseph McNeil, David Richmond, and Franklin McCain. A fourth case is where the African Americans were granted equal voting rights as the whites. After the civil rights of the 60’s African Americans were allowed to exercise their democratic rights of voting. A final case is where the African Americans were allowed to join and form political parties. This was a crucial step of improving their influence (Patterson 45). Separate But Equal Law and Brown, V. Board Of Education The court ruled out the separate but equal law because it promoted segregat ion. Segregation refers to the refutation of equal protection of the law. The Supreme Court thought that it was inappropriate to separate African American children from others just because of their race. They thought that it would be fair if all children were treated as equals before the law. ... The impact is bigger when it has the approval of the law. This is because the rule of separating the races is understood as signifying the weakness of the Negro group (Patterson 151). How people measure public opinion amongst the electorate in the United States The fundamental processes that seem to influence the public’s opinion on government policies reveal restrictions to democracy. Other obstructions and influences are at work, and government policies and actions fall short of what the public needs, even as the government moves in the desired paths. Thus, as critics have stated, the public is partly sovereign. In addition, critics have listed many normative prospects of keeping basic rights and freedoms, the rule of law and discussions regarding the degree to which public opinion is controlled by political leaders and the facts that leaders and the media offer. This is so that public opinion meets the minimum standard of rationality or quality as a vital contribution to th e policymaking procedure (Patterson 374). Although these factors have been researched and discussed, more work and thought, for instance, is still required regarding the bounds and circumstances that the U.S government can momentarily encroach on rights and freedoms in the countrywide interest. Furthermore, with regard to the capabilities required of the public in a democracy, philosophers and political theorists have not fully wrestled with this problem. It has drawn on present and enduring empirical study of how people measure public opinion amongst the electorate in the United States. How the Political Values of the American Citizens are Formed The thoughts that American Citizens

Outline Chapters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outline Chapters - Essay Example There is also an emphasis that is placed on the skills requirements by career development practitioners. The chapter further moves on to discuss the history of vocational guidance and career development, which discusses the new paradigm for the theory and practice of career counseling. The chapter then moves on to provide a well set out timeline table of the various events that have taken place since 1883 until 2001. Furthermore the chapter provides for a discussion of the need for career development services which provides for numerous statistics of the country and the career development services that are presently used within the society. A discussion of the high school student needs and disabled persons needs. There is also a discussion of the definition of position, job, occupation, career and career development which help provide a basis for the further chapters. The author then moves on to the meaning of work and also why people work, this also includes the various definitions that have been provided in the past. The chapter is concluded with a clear summary to help recall everything discussed within the chapter. The main objective of this chapter is to provide the readers with the history of theorizing the career choice and development. The other objective that the chapter entails is the discussion of the trait – and – factor and also the developmental theories. Discussions of the applications and the theories have been able to stand the test of time in the sections. The chapter starts with the discussion of the purpose and evaluation of the theory of career development. The chapter moves on to provide a timeline of the history of career development and how it has theorized over the years. This time line provides for the events that have been dated back to 1909 until 2005. The chapter provides for a history of the theorizing process of career

Show how language use reflects social identity and discuss any Essay

Show how language use reflects social identity and discuss any implications you can draw for second language teaching - Essay Example As the world becomes more global through communication and immigration, teaching a second language begins to have a greater impact on our society. Language not only expresses thoughts and ideas, it creates a representation of the speaker to their audience. As an example, respect is an aspect of that can be gained through speech and illustrates the broader relationship between power and language. Power is the degree to which one agent is able to control the behavior of the other. Physical strength, age, wealth, sex, or profession, are all unspoken ways to convey power. However, the introduction of a second language creates another center of power. That center derives its power from sociolinguistic solidarity. Using non-solidary forms express distance and formality, while solidary forms express intimacy and familiarity. Solidarity can be achieved in cooperation where communicators share some common attribute, such as attending at the same school or working in the same profession. However, to be a successful communicator in a linguistically diverse environment, it is necessary to know the languages, their nuances, and develop an appreciation for the power derived from language solidarity. A member in a community may have several groups with which he wishes to identify and associate with. The identity that the person creates for each group will be associated with their verbal communications, and there are certain linguistic forms that will construct each identity. People create their linguistic systems to resemble those of the in-group with which they wish to identify. A person participates in many different speech communities that vary according to time, place, audience, and participants. In a speech community, each individual has a range of social identities that creates different roles for all of the different subgroups within the community. The range of linguistic varieties expressed by these relationships is called the communicative repertoire. This repertoire, whether oral or written, can include different languages, dialects, or registers. Language serves as a symbol of association on several levels. On the national level, language attachment can serve an impor tant political function. On a local level, language is a symbol of attachment to a community. Within a social setting, language can be an in-group virtue. Foreign languages are a part of our communicative repertoire. When a person learns a second language, they become a member of a new cultural group within a social structure. They not only learn the appropriate linguistic forms, but it also extends their social identity to include other speakers of the new language. For the community as a whole, socialization through language learning creates conformity to social norms and relates the culture of the community. Teaching a second language encompasses more than just conveying the mechanics and the linguistics. It is an opportunity to construct an identity as a social being. In teaching a second language, it becomes vital to present the context, slang, and cultural attitudes that may be a part of the language. A second language is more than just a means of communication. It identifies the learner as a member of a unique cultural group, establishes their

Argument response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument response paper - Essay Example I believe that when families are developed on the patterns of kinship, family members are quite closely related to each other and they do not think in an individualistic manner. Kinship is the best pattern for a family because in such a pattern families and its members find it easier to depend on each other and they share problems with each other. When problems are shared, people within the family try to find a solution to the problem together and everyone tries to help. Due to this, the burden of solving problems is shares and due to decrease in the burden, the person facing the problem does not have to take enough stress. On the other hand, individuals who belong to families where individualism is promoted experience higher level of stress as they try to solve problems on their own. This is why individuals belonging to individualistic cultures end up indulging in deviant behaviors such as drinking and abusing drugs. In case of kinship, families keep a close eye on each other and if the find patterns of drug abuse are being developed by a family member, they tend to intervene and help the individual in getting rid of the

Hypothesis Testing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Hypothesis Testing - Assignment Example The null hypothesis is simple a statement that indicates that nothing is happening to the population. It shows that there is no relationship or difference in the population and the underlying facts still hold true. The alternative hypothesis on the other hand is a statement that indicates that something is happening to the population. It clearly shows that there is a difference or relationship in the population under study. Parametric tests estimate population parameters such as the mean while the nonparametric tests on the other hand help in the ranking and ordering of observations and data (Christensen and Johnson, 2011). It is very important that a choice be made between the use parametric and nonparametric tests. If there is sufficient evidence to ascertain that there is normal distribution in the population then it is appropriate to us parametric tests. When the population does not have a normal distribution then it will be appropriate to use nonparametric tests. A good example of a parametric test is the ANOVA while that of the nonparametric test is the Kruskal Wallis (Vogt,

Financial Intermediaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Intermediaries - Essay Example Financial intermediaries have played a key role in poverty eradication, by financially supporting their customers with investment funds. Their main 21st-century role is providing financial services through innovative ways to the poor in order to increase their capacity of production and quality of life. Since majority of the poor live in rural areas and only depend on agriculture, they are prune to many risks because of income fluctuations. On the other hand, they cannot access insurance markets and conventional credit to offset this. The poor rarely access funds from many formal financial intermediaries due to fear of high risks and costs that are involved in small transactions that are not profitable and the poor are unable to provide collateral security to these institutions.Financial institutions also provide markets for assets of firms by liquidation and restructuring of firms that are in distress. In this case, they sell assets in order to recover bank loans. When they know the synergies existing among firms, they suggest efficient solutions like corporate control and assets reallocation. Siklos asserts that healthy firms search for displaced capital of firms that have become bankrupt, although this may make firms acquire machines that are unsuitable for them. Financial intermediaries also act as centralized markets where they provide ready information on buyers and machines, thus allowing capital, which is displaced, to move to uses that are its productive.

Macro and Microeconomic Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro and Microeconomic Evaluation - Essay Example According to the paper the deal is a positive economic incentive since to bring about positive behavior to me because it rewards people financially for making certain choices and behaving in a particular way. On March 2013, the prices of hamburger among other fast food products augmented due to increase in the price and tight supply of beef. The change in price affected the demand for hamburger, its substitute and complementary products. With $10, a consumer purchased four ground beef hamburger, which was enough for a family with two children. In retrospect, the increase in the price of beef made the family with $10 only to afford two hamburgers. The effect was experienced in almost all households, which leads to a decline in quantity demanded since the income does not change correspondingly and in response to the price increase. This paper highlights that the price change caused a disincentive to purchase a hamburger and people, including me shifted from hamburgers to a chub ground turkey. Despite my preference to the hamburger, the price change, without a corresponding change to income made me purchase fewer hamburgers. In this perspective, the quantity of hamburger that I demand for the month decreased. It means my consumption pattern changed from consuming 15 hamburgers per month to relatively ten hamburgers. I could not take this for long, so I had to abandon the desire for a hamburger and shift to cheap ground turkey. The behavior for consuming ground turkey changed from zero to 17-ground turkey per month.

Summary of Articles Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Summary of Articles Heart of Darkness Essay Summary 5 Authoritative Articles â€Å"Racism in Heart of Darkness† Chinua Achebes article  An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness' was basically written about the racism Achebe encountered in â€Å"Heart of Darkness†. Achebe criticizes Joseph Conrad for his racist stereotypes towards the continent and people of Africa. Achebe claims that Conrad spread the image that people imagined rather than portraying Africa in its true form. Africans were shown in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† as savages with no way to speak other than grunting. To Conrad, the Africans were not real characters in his story, but were backgrounds or props. Chinua Achebe responded with his own novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart†: it was a contrast to Heart of Darkness and comparable works by other European writers. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Achebe tells the story of Okonkwo, an Ibo man who is actually represented as a functioning person. Africans are represented as actual individuals with intelligence and a language, not just one massive conglomerate of dumb thoughtless natives. Their customs are not regarded as crazy and foreign, but as normal everyday life no different than the assortment of Western customs. And the land itself is described as a mix of towns and farms, not a foreign dangerous land. In basically every way, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† challenges typecasts set forward in Heart of Darkness. Overall it is a useful article that contains a good amount of information and I would recommend it to other students. Suzanne Fields wrote an article on the racism in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† she actually defended Conrad. She thought that although, he wrote about racist things he presented in the way that was the norm at the time. She stated that it wasn’t racist because that was how people perceived them not because he had anything against them racially. Suzanne felt that his observations can’t be called racist because that was only how he saw it. It was informative and I would tell other students to read the article because it shows Conrad’s book in a different light than most people do. It was a reputable article written on â€Å"Real Clear Politics† by an actual writer. When Dr. John Laflin wrote an article about the argument that the â€Å"Heart of Darkness† was racist he originally felt it seemed racist, but upon further analysis it isn’t actually racist. He thought when first reading seeing the ord ner and the way he described them as creatures made it seem racist. When he more closely examined the work he noticed that he actually referred to his own people as creatures which showed that all people has animalistic tendencies. He also noted that Conrad did in fact give the natives human qualities. Dr, Laflin showed both sides of the argument on the racism in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and he made it an easy to read informative work. It definitely was a great article and a good resource. On British/UK fiction Jackie Patrick wrote an article about all aspects of â€Å"Heart of Darkness†. She mentions racism and says it wouldn’t be politically correct in today’s culture, but in Conrad’s time period it was normal and therefore not racist. She says although he alienates the natives from the whites he doesn’t consider them a different species and doesn’t actually see them as animals. She states that in today’s culture that the writing he put forth wouldn’t be acceptable, but in his time period the word ner was historically correct. Although the article was about all aspects of â€Å"Heart of Darkness† she still shows her take on the racism in â€Å"Heart of Darkness†. It was a useful article and was on a reputable site with an easy to use set up. Dr. Leon Litvack compared Achebe’s article on â€Å"Heart of Darkness† to Cederic Watt’s response to the reading. Cederic believed Achebe didn’t read deep enough in to the text and was naive in his understanding of the novel. While Achebe was completely up in arms about the racism portrayed in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† saying that the natives were shown as animals, Watts vehemently fought against those views saying that Conrad gave the natives human qualities. They showed restraint when faced with cannibalism and Kurtz did not show the same self-control. Watts contradicts everything that Achebe wrote and says that Achebe took things out of context and didn’t understand the novel. This article showed two completely different views and compared them giving good information from both sides of the arguments. It would be a good article for students to read because it basically has two articles in one and it compares them.

Motifs in Bless Me, Ultima Essay Example for Free

Motifs in Bless Me, Ultima Essay The novel Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya describes the maturation of a boy named Antonio, who witnesses more than his fair share of deaths at a young age. He struggles with the injustices of these deaths and thus begins to question his once-solid religious beliefs. During the conflict Antonio experiences many vivid dreams, which are considered motifs in the work. The dream motif is a catalyst for the theme of the importance of independent thinking to maturation, because through his subconscious Antonio finds the understanding he craves by facing his fears and questioning his future. In many of Tony’s dreams he encounters his fears. One of these fears is that his three older brothers will go to hell, because they gamble and spend their time at Rosie’s, which is considered the whore house. In his dreams, Tony tries to protect their innocence: â€Å"Do not enter [Rosie’s], I cried. It is written on the waters of the river that you shall lose your souls to hell if you enter† (70). He is terrified that they will go to hell and be punished for eternity. Tony’s begging is to no avail; his brothers enter anyway. His troubled thoughts then turn to his own innocence: â€Å"Oh, where is the innocence I must never lose† (71). He struggles with the concept of maturing and losing the innocence he feels he needs to become a priest. As the novel progresses, however, Tony loses his innocence because of the many deaths he sees. He realizes that this is a given part of maturation, and that he can still hold integrity without innocence. Another struggle of Tony’s is the fact that he is caught in the middle of his parents’ dreams. His mother wants him to become a farmer-priest, and his father wants him to become a vaquero. In his sleep he struggles with which dream he will follow, and often see his parents arguing about it: â€Å"Oh please tell me which is the water that runs through my veins, I moaned my mother crooned softly, it is the water the Church chooses to make holy and place in its front. It is the water of your baptism Lies, lies, my father laughed, through your body runs the salt water of the oceans. It is that water which makes you Marez and not Luna† (120). Tony cannot understand which parent’s blood runs in his veins, and becomes more confused when they argue over it. However, in his dreams Tony most often sees himself as a priest: â€Å"I swung the dark robe of the priest over my shoulders then lifted my hands in the air† (26). It seems like this is the profession he will most likely choose. Throughout the novel Antonio yearns for understanding. He wants to know why God allows evil o triumph over good, and why the innocent sometimes die. In waking he cannot find the answers, but in dreams they come to him. When he questions in his sleep where his innocence is, Ultima appears in the dream and tells him, â€Å"There in the land of the dancing plains and rolling hills, there in the land which is the eagle’s by day and the owl’s by night is innocence. There where the lonely wind of the llano sang to the lovers’ feat of your birth, there in those hills is your innocence† (71). This shows Tony that he can always find innocence in nature. When Tony cannot decide which parent’s water runs in his veins, Ultima tells him, â€Å"The waters are one, Antonio† (121). He realizes that Luna blood and Marez blood mix in his veins. The answers in his dreams allow Tony to lessen his questioning in his waking world. Antonio’s dreams allow him to face his fears and think them through, which helps to eventually resolve them. Letting go of certain problems, such as his loss of innocence, helps him to mature. He discovers through his dreams that he does not have the blood of a Luna or a Marez; he has the blood of both. He also realizes that it is more likely that he will become a priest than a vaquero. With this understanding he settles on his future and makes his own decisions rather than being torn between those of his mother and father. When he learns to make his own decisions he matures into a man. Tony’s dreams guide him towards the theme of the importance of independent thinking to maturation.

Charles taze russell

Charles taze russell Introduction Charles Taze Russell, an American entrepreneur-turned-minister in 1897 had made an early description of globalization. Economists and other social scientists used globalization term during 1960s. (Wikipedia) The use of globalization term was widely used during the half of 1980s. There are numerous people who tried to come up with the definitions of globalization at that time. Globalization is the transactional processes and domestic structures of economy, politics, culture, and social. Besides, usually globalization specifically refers to economic globalization. Economic globalization defined by national economies into international economies. International trade, investment by foreigners, capital flows, migration of nation or foreigners, and the spreading of technology are some of the examples of international economy. Malaysia as one of the countries of Southeast Asian also undergoes the process of globalization. Furthermore, globalization gives effect on Malaysia in economy, polit ical, social and culture. In 1970s, Bumiputera run the Malaysian firms and enterprises by 35 percent. This is one of the implementation aspects of New Economic Policy (NEP). In addition, Malaysias economy has successfully narrowed the gap of income disparity between Bumiputera and other races. Other than that, since 1989, 8% of consistent economic growth was recorded. 9.2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew in 1995. During the first quarter of 1996, the growth rate falls to 8%. In the middle of 1997, Malaysia have seriously been attack by tremendous drop of currency that give impact on countrys growth of exportation helps Malaysia recover from recession period. Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad during his career as Prime Minister announced the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) to transform the economic from a production-based economy to a knowledge-based economy (K-economy). Thus, Malaysia undergoes globalization due to the economic expansion although received the recession period and successfully recovered. In Malaysia, prime minister should be a member and have the self-assured of House of Representatives. Parliamentary democracy is used in Malaysia to attain the globalization in developing the country with the federal constitutional monarchy. In operating the government, prime minister must be highly responsible to make the political environment in Malaysia to be stable. Due to the political stable, Malaysia has made a good relationship with United States and Europe even in the Asian region, South Korea, China, and Japan. Government in Malaysia, encourage foreigns investment in manufacturing industries. Thus, nations can get income as an employee to the industries. Since Malaysia gained its independence, our nations have made globalization in political. Political has successfully lower down the poverty in the rural area. Rural development was taken placed since 1965 where budgets were largest allocated to the rural area. Hence, political that are stable is important in globalization o f a country. Educational system in Malaysia has undergoes many changes of reviews and curricular activities to gain high right mentality and good attitudes of students. In order to achieve that, professors, lecturers, and teachers were recommended to find alternative to achieve this goal. Family, entertainment media, government political, and communities play an important role to mould the competitive, good moral attitudes, and more independent students. Malaysia government have make strategies on educational system to support Bumiputera to become an intellectual person. Government produced Maktab Rendah Sains MARA (MRSM), universities of science and technology based, and sponsorship for bright students. Furthermore, developing technologies is also one of the Malaysia aims. This aims has contribute the increase of foreigners investment. Malaysian Technology Development Corporation (MTDC) is providing capital to Malaysian and foreign companies that are interested in investing in Malaysia. So, educ ational and developing technologies are the aspects of social globalization. Malaysia is comprises of West and East Malaysia. West Malaysia can also be known as Peninsular Malaysia consists of 60% of Malay, 25% of Chinese, and 10% of Indian population. Likewise, East Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak consist of Chinese, and Ibans. Islam is the national religion of Malaysia because nearly all Malays are Muslims. Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) is the official language of this country. But in the legal system, English language is used as communication. Mandarin, Tamil and other regional ethnics languages also used by nations of Malaysia. Although Malaysia has many cultures, all the races live in harmony and peaceful among each other. This indicator makes other countries interested in investing in Malaysia. Besides, the using of English language in trading makes it easier to foreign investment. Thus, globalization in cultures of Malaysia also makes Malaysia to be a well-known country.

Embryonic vs. Adult Stem Cells in Research Essay -- Argumentative Pers

Embryonic vs. Adult Stem Cells in Research    Why is the mainstream media significantly downplaying exciting scientific discoveries with adult stem cells? This essay hopes to adequately answer that question. Here's the scoop: As originally reported late last year in the medical journal Blood, Dr. Catherine M. Verfaillie and other researchers at the Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, have discovered a way to coax an adult cell found in the bone marrow to exhibit many of the attributes that supposedly make embryonic stem cells irreplaceable to the development future "miracle" medical therapies(Catherine). While there is still much research to be done, "multi-potent adult progenitor cells" (MAPCs) appear to be versatile, that is, capable of transforming into different types of tissues. (In a culture dish, the cells can be coaxed into becoming muscle, cartilage, bone, liver, or different types of neurons in the brain.) They are also malleable, meaning they can do so relatively easily. They also exhibit the "immortality" valued in embryonic cells, that is to say, they seem capable of being transformed into cell lines that can be maintained indefinitely. At the same time, these adult cells do not appear to present the acute danger associated with embryonic stem cells: the tendency to grow uncontrollably causing tumors or even cancers. This should be a big story considering the intense controversy over embryonic-stem-cell research (ESCR) and the coming attempt in the United States Senate to outlaw human cloning (S.790). Indeed, the New York Times and Washington Post consider embryonic-stem-cell research so important - including the manufacture and use of human-clone embryos in such experiments - that both hav... ...hat the biotech researchers say more "true" then whatever cloning/ESCR opponents may argue - regardless of the actual evidence. Finally, clout in public-policy disputes usually boils down to money. Quite often, reporters don't find stories; stories find reporters. That is how PR firms make the big bucks; being paid quite handsomely to alert journalists to stories their clients' want covered. In this fight, Big Biotech's very deep pockets almost guarantee coverage that is skewed in favor of destroying human embryos in experiments and permitting the creation of human-research clones. Sources Consulted: "Catherine Verfaillie"   http://www1.umn.edu/stemcell/sci/page/fac-mbr/verfaillie/verfaillie.shtml New Scientist   http://www.newscientist.com/ New York Times   http://www.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/25/science/25STEM.html

Okonkwo :: essays research papers

Okonkwo My name is Okonkwo a clan leader in Umuofia. I had a tough childhood due to my father Unoka, which has driven me to succeed. Due to my hardwork in war i earned a high position in my clan, and I'm still able to support my three wives and their children. My character in this novel is superior, I get angry at times and I'm not afraid of violence, but yet i have unmanly emotions for Ikemefuna and Ezinma, and i will do anything to not end up like my father Unoka. Unoka and i don't get along with each other. Unoka is lazy and could care less about wut I want in life. I have been ashamed of my father since I was a little boy, because of what my clan thinks is cowardness. My emotions for Ikemufuna and Ezinma which are unmanly conflict with my manly emotions as a superior leader. My oldest son Nwoye i believe is very weak and lazy. I beat Nwoye on a daily basis hopin it will turn him into a man. Nwoye begins to develop into being more masculine influenced by Ikemefuna which pleases me. I believe Nwoye has the same weakness that my father Unoka possessed. My problem is that I am afraid of looking like my weak father Unoka. Due to his behavior it forces me to act like a fool and bring a whole lot of trouble upom myself and the rest of the poeple in my family. I was not able to change when I went to go live with the Umuofians and could not adapt to their living style. So i realized that i have become a bad person and not able change with society. I beleive I okonkwo will have to change due to the changing in society and the diverse cultures there are. Not everyone can go about the same rules and

Comparison & Contrast of Windows & Windows ME Essay -- essays research

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparison and Contrast Windows & Windows Me Pamela R Kerr NTC / 410 Richard Bohn June 22, 2005 Comparison and Contrast Windows & Windows Me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper will identify comparison and contrast of Windows and Windows Me, which will include the program description, planning the scope and plan objectives, vocabulary definitions, project control, schedule of deliverables and resource requirements. When Windows first hit the market in 1985, it failed miserably. The over-priced, under-powered computers of the day busted a bearing over Windows ¡Ã‚ ¦ attempts at fancy graphics. Back then, Windows was not only slow. But, it also looked dorky and awkward with ugly colors. Windows has turned into a trendy best-seller installed on nearly every new computer. What are Windows and Windows Me? Windows is just another piece of software, like the zillions of others lining the store shelves. I feel Windows is not a program in the normal sense, but it is something that lets you write letters or lets your coworkers play Bozark the Destroyer over the office network after everybody else goes home. Rather, Windows controls the way you work with your computer. For years, computers have clung to a typewriter-style of work. Just as on a typewriter, people type letters and numbers into the computer. I have learned over the years that the computer listens and then places letters and numbers onto the screen and this time tested system works well. But, I also feel it takes a long time to learn and it is as boring as reading the ingredients on a jar of reduced fat peanut butter. The method is boring because computer engineers designed computers for other engineers many moons ago. They thought that computers would be forever isolated in narrow hallways where somber youngsters with crew-cuts, clipboards and white lab coats jotted down notes while the big reels whirled. Nobody expected normal people to use computers especially not in their offices, their dens, or even in their kitchens. „h Windows software dumps the typewriter analogy and updates the look of comput... ...rds, and game controllers, Microsoft now offers a small but, very focused line of routers and network adapters designed specifically for home networks. What ¡Ã‚ ¦s on the Web Site: Microsoft ¡Ã‚ ¦s massive online knowledge base contains answers to nearly every PC technical problem ever recorded. You ¡Ã‚ ¦ll also find a wealth of product information, software updates, downloadable manuals, and a few nice tutorials on Windows networking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References Class notes and memorization from Database Management, NTC/360, NTC/410 & POS/420 (2004 & 2005). Rathbone, A. (2000). Microsoft Windows Me, Millennium Edition www.dummies.com. Safari Tech Books Online, (2005), search.safaribooksonline.com. Windows & .NET Magazine (March, 1999). On-line Sites: www.microsoft.com

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

The Atlantic bluefin tuna is one of the largest and fastest fish in the world. Atlantic tuna are built for speed; they can reach speeds up to 50 mph. Atlantic tuna have very large appetite, the average size of an Atlantic tuna is 6. 5 feet and they usually weigh around 550 pounds. The largest Atlantic bluefin tuna ever caught was caught in Nova Scotia and weighed 1,496 pounds. Atlantic tuna are a gray and silver colour on their underside and then a dark blueish colour on the topside, this helps them with camouflage because from under them it looks like they are part of the sky and the dark blue from a top view makes them look like part of the dark water. Atlantic bluefin tuna is also very delicious, so tuna have been affected by over-fishing and that has lowered the population to drop critically low. Tuna positively affects humans because we use them for food and sport, tuna are huge and you don’t need a lot of them to have a large amount of meat and that’s one of the main reasons humans like to eat tuna. Atlantic tuna have been eaten by humans for along time, but in the 1970s the demand for tuna went up so commercial fishing operations found a new way to catch them. The way fishing industries caught fish was with fleets of giant ships with huge nets to catch large amounts of fish; this act of over-fishing almost caused this species of fish to go extinct. Atlantic tuna are also affected by many other problems, such as acidification and ocean debris. Tuna are affected by acidification because smaller animals that tuna rely on as food die because of acidification. If there is not enough food for tuna to eat then bigger predators that rely on tuna as food will starve, ways we can stop this from happening include; banning offshore drilling and conserving energy. Atlantic tuna are affected by ocean debris because when commercial fishing boats drop their nets in the ocean sometimes when they are done with the net they will just leave it in the ocean, this results in many ocean animals (such as tuna) to be caught in the net and die. It is now more important than ever for people to do what the politicians failed to do – stop consuming bluefin tuna,† Dr. Tudela, Head of Fisheries at WWF Mediterranean Atlantic bluefin tuna are mainly found in the western Atlantic, but they are also found around Newfoundland and the Gulf of Mexico. Tuna usually live in the open ocean, but they can be seen jumping out of the water catching small fish. Tuna mostly live in groups; schools of tuna can be found feeding, just hanging out or migrating thousands of miles across the Atlantic. Atlantic tuna faces many problems such as the ones I previously wrote about, but if we want to put a stop to those problems we need to find a solution. One of the things we can do is make fishing seasons, if the government was to make a certain time when it was okay to fish for tuna and then once the season was over fishermen couldn’t fish for tuna anymore. I think that that is a pretty good plan but we would have to do more than that, for example they could ban tuna fishing for a year or a designated time duration and then check to see if the tuna population increases. Ocean debris and Acidification is also a problem, the way to stop that is not very hard, people just need to take the initiative to stop dumping harmful chemicals, non-organic waste material, ect. â€Å"After overwhelming scientific justification and growing political support in past months – with backing from the majority of catch quota holders on both sides of the Atlantic – it is scandalous that governments did not even get the chance to engage in meaningful debate about the international trade ban proposal for Atlantic bluefin tuna,† –Dr. Sergi Tudela, Head of Fisheries at WWF Mediterranean

Women in Business

WOMEN IN BUSINESS Course HRMG 5000 Managing tender-hearted Resources Term Summer, 2011 Paper 1 Wo custody in caper Student Daphne Westerlaken van Westen touch modality information daphne. van. emailprotected com University Webster University Leiden Instructor Arthur De La Loza -2Abstract in that location is a direct correlation in the midst of collective finance flow and wo graze force in leaders roles. The bod of fe manly college graduates and general percent term of young-bearing(pre noneinal)s in the effectforce is reposition magnitude. accordingly the pipeline of wo manpower has greatly change magnitude and companies learn believe to capitalize on this to encounter these companies argon acquittance to hold up, pull stunned and buzz nurse out this pocket billiards of talent. An couple pass rival to(p)iser of do custody and wo consummationforce commode alone be achievd when upper bil on the wholeow circumspection centralise on what wo run awayforce c e rattling for in their follow, fashion-life ratio, talent commission and disturb compensation. on that pointfore the transactance of diadem heed should be examined parti eithery on their strength to groom and leaven effeminate talent. -3Introduction The numbers game of fe masculine college graduates and oer solely percentage of fe young-begetting(prenominal)s in the flowforce is change magnitude.In order to contain that companies persist to appeal to the scoop out and the brightest men and women, companies sine qua non to promote the fact that in that location is equal regain to opportunity for twain genders. gun, the leading noncommercial organization maneuvers globally with channel to build comprehensive workplaces and expand opportunities for women and descent, has recognize that on that point is a direct correlation amongst corporate finance performance and women in leadership roles. Studies hand over a e reallywhere often per iods(prenominal) equal balance of commensurate men and women drives innovation, action and tele resound line success.This search paper volition focus on the involvement of serviceman Resource Management to emergence the number of women in leadership roles. What Women Want The legal age of the women and especially Generation Y (born 1978 1994) atomic number 18 concerned ab turn out the impact of their life-work balance (e. g. family, child c atomic number 18) finding for energize commit on their carg onenessrs. BPW (Business and Professional Womens) Foundation did research on this hey sidereal dayic and found out that the around classic employer characteristics for women be 1. prospect for employees to self- look at 2.Emphasis on meeting goals, as opposed to how, when or where slew do the work 3. Avail strength of and focus on billinger advancement opportunities Further to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) BPW found out that women atomic number 18 disco nnected with employers when -41. Employees judge each new(prenominal)(a) based on the number of hours worked and non results produced 2. Employees at the top consent more(prenominal) than freedom than employees at the bottom. The overall percentage of fe antherals in the men is increasing and the Generation Y women atomic number 18 the hands for tomorrow. Because of this, women en religious belief mark finish up the massive term disdain successes. on that pointfore corporations rig one across to retain, attract and build women by fulfilling their invite by a multipronged approach 1. organisational level Examine and ad and the rule mind-set of inputs over outputs. An surround that rewards a persons presence is non conducive for encouraging people to exercise tools that might change their performance. 2. Management level Managers extremity to be coached in and held responsible for the ways in which their practices en sufficient or limit the effectiveness of their direct reports. 3. individual(a) level Each individual should be encourages to localise where and when they work scoop out. Quotas & Regulation currently women occupy is just 12% of the seating argona on the advances of large European companies. The European Union warns that if listed European argumentationes bemuse not make signifi flockt progress in raising that percentage by neighboring year March, the European Union leave consider mandating that they do through measures much(prenominal)(prenominal) as boardroom measures gender-quotas of the kind already in place in France, Spain and Norway.The counterbalance of women occupy the seats on the board of the listed Frances companies is expected to hit 20% succeeding(a) year, up from 7% dickens years ago. The puddle of qualified women is impermanent and on that pointfore the contract is to prevent that pool from drying up. One of the reasons that -5qualified women be not in that pool, is because there atomi c number 18 not transp atomic number 18nt to companies. Therefore companies and a standardised women strike to squander actions like 1. Develop and introduce mentoring programs (pairing tops(predicate)ior women with comp either chairmen as mentors) 2. Build up systematically contacts (networks inside and outside the company) 3.Women contract to inform company bosses of the progress in their posements 4. Chief executive directors constitute to promote women to their executive committees Regulatory back-up, like quotas, be required, because whatsoever men over 60 moot that suit qualified females tiret embody because they shake never had women as their peers, and they forecast women ceaset undertake the pressure line of workatic in serving on a board. Furthermore, these quotas forces companies to fortify strategies and programs to retain, attract and bourgeon high qualified women, who fag enroll the boardroom. entirely there is alike a d cause side of quotas. Companies name to stave off force too low qualified women into board board all to meet these quotas. This result injury the qualified women more than the quotas will admirer. ladder life Balance With women now do up al nearly half of the grok force in the Unit States and Europe, they atomic number 18 increasingly juggling work with c be giving responsibilities at home. The solution for this quandary is work tractileness and scheduling. There atomic number 18 several(prenominal) solutions and possibilities to increase the work-life balance 1.Employees operative at home. This potentiometer be graspd by teleworking. Telework mean that employees work via electronic, telecommunications and Internet means. -62. bland work calendar week. A compressed work week is a work week in which a full weeks work is accomplished in fewer than five 8-hour days. Example foursome 10hour days. 3. Flex clock Scheduling arrangement in which employees work a set number of hours a da y but vary killing snip and ending condemnations. 4. Job-sharing Scheduling arrangement in which 2 employees perform the work of one full- cartridge holder job.Researches have sh testify that the approach of work flexibility and scroll not only athletic supporter a companys stage commercial enterprise success, it leads to increased employee productivity and retains and attracts the best employees. equate Compensation The US projection statics for 2009 shows that womens median full- conviction earning is 78. 7% of what men earn. The level of education doesnt set about any differences. The reasons for wage differences ar complicated. Part of it has to do with some traditionally male-dominated professions, paying recrudesce than female-dominated professions.Part of it has to do that women choose to throw more date with family apprehension than with their occupational groups. But that is not integral story. A study showed that when all things atomic number 18 equal ( opposite than gender), women capacity members get paid less their mail colleagues. Women earn on average 6. 9% less than men in similar federal agencys, when the long c atomic number 18ers of male faculty members, the relative productivity of faculty member and where male and female faculty members tend to work argon taken in account. Why the difference? 1. 2. Sexism and unlikeness Women dont negotiate better salaries for themselves 7Theres not a push-d witness storage women rear end do about male chauvinist employers, but salary negotiations are to a lower place their control. These negotiations can be a stumbling block, because women are not sound trained to negotiate assertively on their bear behalf. But if they do, they may be penalized, particularly if the other negotiator is male. A study as sureed that men were more inclined to work with nicer and less demanding women who accepted their compensation affirms without chitchat than they were with women who attem pted to negotiate for higher compensation. twain women were equaled competent for the job.So thats the treble bind for women if they dont ask for a higher salary, they likely wont receive one, but if they do, they may not be hired or promoted. Talent Management Catalyst, a nonpro burst womens research group, mentioned that only 11 chief executives of circle 500 companies are women, d ingest from a peak of 15 in 2010. The McKinsey study showed that 37% of lower-level and lay trouble are female, plot just 26% of vice presidents and other old handler are women at Fortune 500 companies. McKinsey researchers found that female breathing in declines at tenderness age. close 64% of women ages 45 to 54 old verbalized a proclivity to advance professionally, compared with 78% of the men in the selfsame(prenominal) age range. The compar open figures were 92% and 98% think ofively, for women and men aged 23 to 34. The decrease of the desire to advance professionally of middle aged w omen is caused by their experience of not intumesce fitted Talent Management Systems. Corporations can mitigate the odds for building diversity in the top charge by increasing the number of women who produce it from middle management to the vice presidential level.There are several opportunities, which companies can implement -81. Companies pick out to run more metre coach women and go more leadership comement and rotation through mingled management roles. 2. Companies should watch the women at the middle management level systematically and displace these women in programs that would help them to develop and get the next (promotion) hurdle. 3. Companies should be actively grooming women, make sure they have mentors and actively promoting their careers. 4.The performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. Conclusion & Recommendations Research has sh experience that there is a direct correlation surrounded by co rporate monetary performance and having a mix of women and men in elderly leadership roles. Statistics show that the number of female college graduates and overall percentage of females in the workforce is increasing. Therefore the pipeline of women has greatly increased and companies have to capitalize on this to consider these companies are outlet to retain, attract and develop this pool of talent.To capitalize the women talents, companies need to change their (masculine) corporate culture. In the majority of the companies, female employees dont have same access to opportunities as their male colleagues. To increase the corporate financial performance, companies need to rectify their corporate culture and the equal access to opportunities for both female and male employees. -9Every business and company is assorted and therefore companies need to found out what the necessitate are from their (future) female employees.In general, the most important employer characteristics f or women are 1. 2. 3. Opportunity for employees to self manage Emphasis on meeting goals, as opposed to how, when or where people do the work Availability of and focus on career advancement opportunities The work-life balance be fathers more important for both female and male employees due to that the number of women participates in the workforce is increasing. There are several solutions and possibilities which companies can implement to increase the work-life balance 1. 2. 3. 4.Employees working at home (teleworking) Compressed work week Flex cartridge holder Job-sharing Besides attract and retain female employees, development of these qualified women is important, because they will run into the mix of women and men in senior leadership roles. Therefore it is recommended that companies mitigate their talent management with 1. Coaching women, offering leadership training and rotations through motley management roles 2. Watch the women at middle management level systematically an d putting these women in programs that would help them to develop and get the next promotion hurdle . actively grooming women, making sure that they have mentors and actively promoting their careers 10 Without equal compensation, women will leave the company or are not interested to set off their career with a company. Therefore is important that companies need to make sure that both women and men are equal compensated for the work they do. The final recommendation is more means of putting pressure on companies. A regulatory back-up, like quotas, forces companies to develop strategies and programs to retain, attract and develop high qualified women, who can enter the boardroom.Unfortunately there is alike a d possess-side of quotas. Companies have to keep off pushing too low qualified women into boardrooms only to meet these quotas. This will harm the qualified women undeserved. An equal balance of qualified men and women can only be light upond when top management focus on wha t women emergency in their company, work-life balance, talent management and equal compensation. Therefore the performance of top management should be judged partly on their ability to groom and promote female talent. 11 References Mathis, Robert L and Jackson, John H (2011). valet Resource Management.South-Western, a part of Cengage acquisition Jolis, Anne (2011, whitethorn 19). What Women Want. The Wall passageway Journal. Retrieved may 23, 2011, from http//www. WSJ. com SHRM Online staff (2011, April 26). What Gen Y Women Want self-reliance and Self-Direction. Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved may 3, 2011, from http//www. shrm. org Boulton, Leyla (2011, May 10). UK headhunter pledge revolutionary focus on gender. pecuniary Times. Retrieved May 19, 2011, from http//www. ft. com Manzano-Diaz, Sara (2011, May 20). Helping Women Advance in the contributeplace. Council on Women and Girls.Retrieved May 25, 2011, from http//www. whitehouse. gov/administration/e op/cwg Peggy (2011, April 12). Equal Pay Day Why dont women just ask for more? Retrieved May 25, 2011, from http//www. scientopia. org/blogs/everydaybiology/ Lublin, Joann S, (2011, April 4). Coaching Urged for Women. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2011, from http//www. WSJ. com Prime, Jeanine and Moss-Racusin, Corinne A (2009). Engaging men in gender initiatives What Change Agents Need To Know. Catalyst Zahidi, Saadia and Ibarra, Herminia (2010). The Corporate sex Gap herald 2010. World Economic ForumWomen in BusinessWomen are becoming more refer in the business populace by having well established careers and businesses that are performing very well all over the dry land. Their businesses are growing and alter significantly to the economies of their countries. They have been suit fit to develop careers and businesses in areas that were initially regarded as the macrocosm of men. As they enter this environment, they have demonstr commensurate new-sprung(pre nominal) styles of nurseing out business and fall d have got up with ways that are different from those that were organism used by men in the past.There are various(a) reasons that have permitntial the women to suck up their own businesses and conjunction the male dominated territory. most of these reasons are derived from the needs that these women have. Financial shelter and the need to obtain something in their lives are some of these reasons that have stir the women to come up with various businesses. Other reasons entangle sampleing freedom and flexibility to bequeath accordingly to determine how they want to work and when they want to work. One of the major challenges that women nerve as they carry out their business is the ability to balance their work and their family.The women stage this challenge as they are not commensurate to separate the business side of things and the family side. merely, there are various stairs that these women can carry out to mark that they strike a balance betwixt their business work and their family roles. nigh of the steps include coming up with a schedule of events and time that can help the women manage their time. They can excessively piffle to their families and make them understand the brilliance of the jobs and how much it means to them. Their families can thusly be in a position to paying financial aid the business and value it. exploitation a work pass that fits the family life cycle can besides help the women to bring on more opportunities and chances of consumption time with their families without modify the performance of the business. 1. 0 Introduction Women in the recent past have choke more tangled in business with many of them leap outing up their own businesses. The rate of women take time offing their own businesses is increasing with the rate being twice that of the field of study average. whatever of these women have more than a hundred employees in their businesse s (Ericksen & Young, 1999).They have been going forward in their ventures and succeeding. These women have been able to prove that the world of business is not only a mans world. They have gone and succeeded in areas that are considered male territory in business such as real estate, moving, eating house business among others. The women have also well-kept their characteristics and experiences of being mothers, daughters and wives as they carry on business. This paper discusses the experiences of women in business including the entrepreneurs and how they balance their work and family. 2. Women in Business In the past, men have been involved in business establishing rules and structures to be followed in organizations. However more women are getting involved and becoming part of the business world in one way or another. They have been able to enter this male dominated environment and they have been changing the way things are done and making positive contributions to the developme nt of businesses and organizations. They have introduced new methods and styles of doing things that are very different from the methods were being followed by the men. near of these women have form their own businesses which they have developed from their own unique ideas and talents that they possess. In the United States alone, there are more than ten one million million businesses that have been obtained by women. These businesses have busy over 13 million people (Gunelius, The Importance of Women-Owned Business Certification, n. d). In 2008, such businesses were able to impact the national and local economies greatly and significantly generating sales of over $1. 9 trillion (Gunelius, n. d).Women have been inspired to work touchy in their businesses pushing them to great heights and reaching new levels. These women are persistent and they leave requisite marks on the economy they impact. almost of these women have make plans and they continue to make plans for the future of their businesses with about 37% of them supplying to leave their businesses in the hands of their daughters (Gunelius, Statistics About Women Business Ownders from Center for Womens Business Research, n. d). This will help ensure that such businesses owned by women will be here to gravel.2. 1 Reasons for Joining Business. There are various factors that make the women to kernel the world of entrepreneurship and leave their current conflict levels. Other women who are merely stay at homes have been dictated to start their own businesses. These women have been inspired to start their own business that range in all sorts of industries. Other women have been inspired to start businesses that they are able to drop dead from home. slightly of the women use their professional skills and competencies to start their own businesses while others use their hobbies and talents as the foundation and acquire the skills that are needed. majority of these women when starting these business es do not have any business companionship or background but due to their oestrus and ambition they are able to succeed. (a) Financial Security There are various reasons that make women get involved in business with some starting their own businesses. roughly of these women usually state scotch necessity as one of the reasons that they start their own businesses. They start this business as they look for a source of income to make ends meet. The income they get is used to sustain their family and provide for the needs of their family.Financial security is the major driving force for most women who join business starting their own businesses (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). (b) tractableness and Independence Most of these women are mothers and they like to work using their own schedules so that they are able to spend more time with their children and family. They and so choose the cream of starting their own businesses that will drop out them to be flexible and juggle their p ersonalised lives with their work. Having their own business drop outs them to freedom and independence to decide when to work and where to work from (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005).Most of the women entrepreneurs choose to work from their homes and just frame an office in one of the rooms in their houses. (c) Corporate Glass roof or so women experience a situation where they are not able to march on further in their careers. Corporate scrap ceiling is a situation where certain careers in business cannot exceed a particular level in growth. In that career there are patently no other levels that can be achieved above the current level. Women who experience such a situation end up starting their own businesses that give them more options in their careers and more fulfillments.The women are set by this inspiration and they conk out their own boss (DeYoung, n. d). (d) Solving a difficulty Some women entrepreneurial spirit is started off by the need to make a particular proble m that they experience and others in the society as well. They accordingly develop a solution to the problem and then make specie out of it as they help solve the problem effectively. Some of these women include Julie Clark. She came across a problem of lack of educational videos for small children and from then started to make them for her babies.She later founded a company by name The Baby mental capacity that was involved in production of educational videos for young children (DeYoung, n. d). (e) Personal Achievement Some women are operate to start their own business by the desire to achieve some goals or achievements professionally (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). For most of the women who are driven by this desire, tangibles are not part of their quest. They are driven by perseverance and the desire to achieve something on their won with their own knowledge and abilities and operate a business.From the business they start they are able to achieve and make a significant impa ct in their lives, their families and the people around them. 2. 2 Challenges go about In Business Entrepreneurs expression several challenges when they are starting off and as the businesses grow. Women however face more challenges and obstacles as they carryout their own business (Gunelius, Challenges veneering Women in Business, n. d). These challenges although they are many they are not able to deter them from carrying out their businesses and becoming successful.They have been able to overcome these challenges and continue growing their businesses. One of these challenges is the lack of equal opportunity in the business environment. (a) Gender Discrimination The business environment has for a very long time been male dominated. It has drawn very clear lines on gender, and these lines have extended in all business areas. There are very few businesses that have been regarded to be for women. Most women when they start of their businesses in areas that were not regarded for the m, they face a lot of gender link discrimination (Gunelius, Challenges approach Women in Business, n. ). This in general happens to women who are of a different take to the woods or color than the men. Studies have shown that more women who are of African American ascendent are discriminated in the business environment (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). (b) Family Pressure Some of the women who start of their own businesses they are overwhelmed by the activities that are involved in their businesses and they are not able to nurse a balance in the midst of their businesses and their families. This is one of the challenges that face women all over the world who are also mothers and have families to take care of.The balance between the business and the family life becomes hard to achieve and in most cases their family life suffers. The family pressures then take a toll on their relationships and their roles as mothers (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). (c) inc ommensurate Opportunities One other challenge that faces many women, who start of their own businesses especially in an area that is highly dominated by men, is the lack of opportunities that are equal (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). They face these challenges as they carry out their daily business activities and anticipate pecuniary resource for their businesses.These challenges interfere with their businesses and they are not able to move and grow as expected. Studies have shown that most women do not receive equal opportunities in the business environment especially in financial institutions with over 67% of them reporting difficulties when accessing funds (Women Entreprenuers, n. d). 3. 0 Work/Family Balance As women become more involved in the business environment developing their businesses, they are constantly faced with the challenge of managing their time in good order between their business and their family.They are constantly seeking ways to manag e and balance these two important sides of their life. Entrepreneurship on its own enables the women to manage their time and develop schedules that suit their life and their families as well (Women entrepreneurs, n. d). They are able to attend to family matters and other family activities and silent be able to carryout their businesses. The flexibility and independence allows to allot more time when need be to the family in various stages of her life and make up for any time missed with her family. 0% of most of the working women are driven to start their own businesses in order to sleep with this flexibility and independence (Business Women and Challenges of Work, Family, n. d). Even though the women entrepreneurs have the freedom to be flexible and spend time with their families some are not able to balance the two. There are various steps that women can follow to ensure that they are able to balance their lives and manage their time properly between their work and their life and thus create a balance.3. 1 Developing a Mindset and Keeping Perspective. The women who have difficulty managing their time properly and match their family life and work should be able to keep a proper vista and expectation. They should stay focused in their relationships in their family as they are valuable aspects of their life. The relationships should be maintained at all clock and decisions made should be able to maintain them. These relationships are very important as they are the sources of happiness and they influence how the work is done and the quality that is maintained (Ericksen & Young, 1999).The lieu and mind set taken should put this relationships first and the business second. Businesses and work should be seen as ways of supporting the relationships. This mindset when grounded can help in the decision making process and ensure that the decision s that are made focus on maintaining these relationships above all else. Work should also be treated with pry an d the family should also be advised to treasure the business time and value it. The women should show the families the immenseness of the work and what it means to them.They should also strive to do everything they can to make the work succeed. When they treat the work with a lot of respect and value the families are also able to see this and they in turn develop the same respect and value in that business (Isidro, 2010). 3. 2 Developing a Schedule A schedule can be made that can help the women to manage the time effectively. The schedule when followed can help the women to portion out enough time for the family and the business and avoid conflicts.Regular working hours can be established and maintained and any out of the blue(predicate) occurrence of events can be handled cautiously and time compensated appropriately (Isidro, 2010). The schedule can also include commonplace time breaks for the women to spend some time with the children during those breaks. The breaks can be us ed as a way of slackening and spending time with the family and giving them undivided attention at this time. A schedule can also be made for the family vacations and passs. Some women find it difficult to work when their families are at home during the summer and other holidays.Therefore a schedule can be made to include the time the family should take vacations and holidays together. The family can be involved in the making of the schedule to ensure that they are able to understand the importance of the vacation and the impact it has on the business (Business Women and Challenges of Work, Family, n. d). They will be able to offer their support and allow the women to work tranquil and respect the working hours. 3. 3 Outsourcing and mission Women should not see themselves as super heroes and tend to take on all the activities of the business on their own.They can allocate some of the activities and tasks to some of the employees they can trust and then handle the more intricate tasks. They can also outsource some of the work from other businesses to be able to save on time to spend with their families. They can stick to accomplishing only what they need to do on their own to ensure that the business remains productive. The faster they do their work the more time they have with their families. Getting a personal coadjutor when the business activities increase can allow them to spend more time with their families and still be able to make the businesses successful.through and through networking the women can be able to pick up other businesses that can be able to handle some of the activities of their business and outsource it to them (Lake, Conway, & Whitney, 2005). 3. 4 Being Fit and strong A woman managing her own business should strive to keep herself sound and fit to ensure that she is able to carry out the business and the family as well. She should stay healthy and take good care of herself in a way that she is able to take care of her family. If she is able to take care of herself then she will be more likely to be in a position to take care of her family.When working she should only take up jobs that do not strain her mentally and physically. erst she feels that she is almost burning out she should relax and take a break. Prioritizing her activities and tasks should help her visual modality with only what is important. She should also learn to say no in certain slew and avoid feeling guilty when she says no. She should just strive to do her best and deal with her life one day at a time. She can also join support groups that can help her deal with some of the issues in her business. much(prenominal) support groups can be identify through networks both in the friendship and online (Isidro, 2010). . 5 Match the Life cycles/second and the Business Cycle Women entrepreneurs can seek to match the work cycle with that of the family in order to spend more time with them. They should not be in a hurry to accomplish so much i n their business and forget their families (Gunelius, Challenges Facing Women in Business, n. d). They should instead work hard where they can and use the slow road since it will still get them there. They should also be gentle with themselves and come up with ways that will allow them to spend time with their families.The women can for example conjure up up early enough and perform some of the work that is needed desperately in order to ensure that they are able to spend some time with their family during breakfast. They can also use the weekend to recover some of the time that is lost during the week as they also take a break. Another way to ensure that she is able to spend more time with the children is to work late at nighttime when the children are asleep and it is quiet since they are able to concentrate more and accomplish more tasks then.During the day they can then spend the time with their children and play with them. The women can also avoid answering phone calls when they are spending time with their families or replying to email. When they are with their families they can switch off their mobile phones to avoid interrupting the time they are spending with their families (Isidro, 2010). 3. 6 Familys cargo The family should be made to understand the importance of the business and how it is operated. Making them understand will ensure that they are supportive and committed to ensure that it is successful.It is important to teach them and let them know how the business is doing, whether the money is lopsided and when it is doing well. They can help and come up with ideas that can be used to improve and make it better and offer chaste support when things are not going well (Women entrepreneurs, n. d). The women should also consider the needs of their families and support them when they need the support (Isidro, 2010). Some of the needs of the family can be handled at a later time while others need urgent attention. Women should be able to ident ify some of the needs that are urgent and handle them immediately.Several proceedings can be used to solve a problem and avoid good consequences. The several minutes can also portray concern to the family and the issue at hand. This is importantly helpful as it helps establish the family relationships. Constant communication with the family should help the women identify issues that are affecting the family and the needs that they are going through. 4. 0 Conclusion Women are becoming more involved in the business environment and performing very well. They have opened up their own businesses out of ideas they have developed.From these ideas they have been able to generate a lot of money for the national economies and contributed significantly to the society. Their businesses are driven by the need to help and the desires and mania of these women. Despite the challenges the women have faced that are unique to the business environment, they have been able to overcome them through p erseverance and a lot of hard work. The women who have made it are able to inspire and be active the other women to come up and develop their own businesses and succeed. They have also become role models in their society and all over the world through their achievements and successes.